Assessing the Feasibility, Usability, and Durability of Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste in Road Construction in Morocco

Assessing the Feasibility, Usability, and Durability of Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste in Road Construction in Morocco

Amine NAIM, Ikrame HATTAB, Rajaa ZAHNOUNE, Mohamed ELGHOZLANI, Omar TANANE, Abdeslam EL BOUARI, Reda ELKACMI

download PDF

Abstract. Growing concerns about environmental sustainability and increasingly restrictive waste management regulations have led to the use of construction and demolition wastes (CDWs) as recycled aggregates for civil engineering projects, such as construction and infrastructure development. In this context, this paper presents an experimental laboratory analysis of the technical and environmental properties of recycled aggregates obtained from selected CDWs, conforming to European standards. The technical evaluation encompassed composition tests, particle size distribution (granulometry), density, water absorption, shape, the Los Angeles test, and the Micro-Deval test. The environmental assessment focused on the presence of potential contaminants, such as PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene). The laboratory test results are discussed and compared with current requirements. The paper concludes with key findings and recommendations derived from this investigation.

Keywords
Construction Waste, Demolition Waste, Recycled Aggregate, Unbound Aggregates, Environmental Performance

Published online 3/15/2024, 14 pages
Copyright © 2024 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA

Citation: Amine NAIM, Ikrame HATTAB, Rajaa ZAHNOUNE, Mohamed ELGHOZLANI, Omar TANANE, Abdeslam EL BOUARI, Reda ELKACMI, Assessing the Feasibility, Usability, and Durability of Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste in Road Construction in Morocco, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 40, pp 19-32, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

The article was published as article 3 of the book Mediterranean Architectural Heritage

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

References
[1] R. Waskow, V. Gonçalves Maciel, R. Tubino, A. Passuello, Environmental performance of construction and demolition waste management strategies for valorization of recycled coarse aggregate, Journal of Environmental Management. 295 (2021) 113094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113094
[2] B. Arhoun, C. Jiménez, F.X. Niell, J.M. Rodriguez-Maroto, Investigating the physical and chemical characteristics of construction and demolition wastes as filler to regenerate beaches, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 179 (2022) 106044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106044
[3] A. Busari, E. Adeyanju, T. Loto, D. Ademola, Recycled Aggregate in Pavement Construction: Review of Literatures, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1378 (2019) 022026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022026
[4] Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) “Report on the Solid Waste Management in MOROCCO”, 2014, pp. 36-37.). https://www.climate-chance.org
[5] G.S. dos Reis, M. Quattrone, W.M. Ambrós, B. Grigore Cazacliu, C. Hoffmann Sampaio, Current Applications of Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition: A Review, Materials. 14 (2021) 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071700
[6] M.S. Aslam, B. Huang, L. Cui, Review of construction and demolition waste management in China and USA, Journal of Environmental Management. 264 (2020) 110445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110445
[7] C.S. Vieira, P.M. Pereira, Use of recycled construction and demolition materials in geotechnical applications: A review, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 103 (2015) 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.023
[8] P. Sormunen, T. Kärki, Recycled construction and demolition waste as a possible source of materials for composite manufacturing, Journal of Building Engineering. 24 (2019) 100742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100742
[9] N.C. Luu, L.H. Nguyen, T.V.N. Tran, Y. Isobe, M. Kawasaki, K. Kawamoto, CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE ILLEGAL DUMPING: ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS ASSESSMENT FOR A GROWING CITY, JGS Special Publication. 9 (2021) 148–155. https://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v09.cpeg133
[10] T.K.L. Nguyen, H.H. Ngo, W. Guo, T.L.H. Nguyen, S.W. Chang, D.D. Nguyen, S. Varjani, Z. Lei, L. Deng, Environmental impacts and greenhouse gas emissions assessment for energy recovery and material recycle of the wastewater treatment plant, Science of The Total Environment. 784 (2021) 147135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147135
[11] U. Hasan, A. Whyte, H. Al Jassmi, Life cycle assessment of roadworks in United Arab Emirates: Recycled construction waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement, warm-mix asphalt and blast furnace slag use against traditional approach, Journal of Cleaner Production. 257 (2020) 120531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120531
[12] M.G. Sohail, W. Alnahhal, A. Taha, K. Abdelaal, Sustainable alternative aggregates: Characterization and influence on mechanical behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 255 (2020) 119365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119365
[13] L.W. Zhang, A.O. Sojobi, V.K.R. Kodur, K.M. Liew, Effective utilization and recycling of mixed recycled aggregates for a greener environment, Journal of Cleaner Production. 236 (2019) 117600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.075
[14] U. Mercado Burciaga, P.V. Sáez, F. Javier Hernández Ayón, Strategies to Reduce CO2 Emissions in Housing Building by Means of CDW, Emerg Sci J. 3 (2019) 274–284. https://doi.org/10.28991/esj-2019-01190
[15] S. Pourkhorshidi, C. Sangiorgi, D. Torreggiani, P. Tassinari, Using Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste in Unbound Layers of Pavements, Sustainability. 12 (2020) 9386. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229386
[16] V.W.Y. Tam, M. Soomro, A.C.J. Evangelista, A review of recycled aggregate in concrete applications (2000–2017), Construction and Building Materials. 172 (2018) 272–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.240
[17] J.R. Jiménez, Recycled aggregates (RAs) for roads, in: Handbook of Recycled Concrete and Demolition Waste, Elsevier, 2013: pp. 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096906.3.351
[18] D.F. Caicedo, G.S. dos Reis, E.C. Lima, I.A.S. De Brum, P.S. Thue, B.G. Cazacliu, D.R. Lima, A.H. dos Santos, G.L. Dotto, Efficient adsorbent based on construction and demolition wastes functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) for the removal ciprofloxacin from hospital synthetic effluents, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 8 (2020) 103875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103875
[19] C. Zhang, M. Hu, X. Yang, B. Miranda-Xicotencatl, B. Sprecher, F. Di Maio, X. Zhong, A. Tukker, Upgrading construction and demolition waste management from downcycling to recycling in the Netherlands, Journal of Cleaner Production. 266 (2020) 121718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121718
[20] M. Panizza, M. Natali, E. Garbin, S. Tamburini, M. Secco, Assessment of geopolymers with Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) aggregates as a building material, Construction and Building Materials. 181 (2018) 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.018
[21] G. S, R. N, S. G, Effective Utilisation of Construction and Demolition Waste (Cdw) As Recycled Aggregate in Concrete Construction – A Critical Review, Int. Res. J. Multidiscip. Technovation. (2019) 465–469. https://doi.org/10.34256/irjmtcon65
[22] C. Piña Ramírez, M. del Río Merino, C. Viñas Arrebola, A. Vidales Barriguete, M. Kosior-Kazberuk, Analysis of the mechanical behaviour of the cement mortars with additives of mineral wool fibres from recycling of CDW, Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy. 210 (2019) 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.062
[23] J. Moreno-Juez, I.J. Vegas, M. Frías Rojas, R. Vigil de la Villa, E. Guede-Vázquez, Laboratory-scale study and semi-industrial validation of viability of inorganic CDW fine fractions as SCMs in blended cements, Construction and Building Materials. 271 (2021) 121823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121823
[24] M.L.P. Antunes, A.B. de Sá, P.S. Oliveira, E.C. Rangel, Utilization of gypsum from construction and demolition waste in Portland cement mortar, Cerâmica. 65 (2019) 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-6913201965S12588
[25] R.A. Robayo-Salazar, W. Valencia-Saavedra, R. Mejía de Gutiérrez, Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) Recycling—As Both Binder and Aggregates—In Alkali-Activated Materials: A Novel Re-Use Concept, Sustainability. 12 (2020) 5775. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145775
[26] A.C. Freire, J.M.C. Neves, R. Pestana, Analysis of the Properties of Recycled Aggregates for Unbound Granular Asphalt Pavement Layers, (n.d.) 10
[27] J. Li, M. Saberian, B.T. Nguyen, Effect of crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of crushed recycled pavement materials, Journal of Environmental Management. 218 (2018) 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.062
[28] G. Tavakoli Mehrjardi, A. Azizi, A. Haji-Azizi, G. Asdollafardi, Evaluating and improving the construction and demolition waste technical properties to use in road construction, Transportation Geotechnics. 23 (2020) 100349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100349
[29] F. Varela, E. Cerro-Prada, F. Escolano, Preparation, Characterization and Modeling of Unbound Granular Materials for Road Foundations, Applied Sciences. 8 (2018) 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091548
[30] A. M. Arisha, A.R. Gabr, S.M. El-Badawy, S.A. Shwally, Performance Evaluation of Construction and Demolition Waste Materials for Pavement Construction in Egypt, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (2018) 04017270. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002127
[31] EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE AND TYPE OF AGGREGATE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF UNBOUND ROAD BASE AND SUBBASE MATERIALS: A LITERATURE REVIEW | GEOMATE Journal, (2021). https://geomatejournal.com/geomate/article/view/200 (accessed February 28, 2022).
[32] J. Tavira, J.R. Jiménez, J. Ayuso, M.J. Sierra, E.F. Ledesma, Functional and structural parameters of a paved road section constructed with mixed recycled aggregates from non-selected construction and demolition waste with excavation soil, Construction and Building Materials. 164 (2018) 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.195
[33] D. Ciampa, R. Cioffi, F. Colangelo, M. Diomedi, I. Farina, S. Olita, Use of Unbound Materials for Sustainable Road Infrastructures, Applied Sciences. 10 (2020) 3465. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103465
[34] F. Agrela, M. Sánchez de Juan, J. Ayuso, V.L. Geraldes, J.R. Jiménez, Limiting properties in the characterisation of mixed recycled aggregates for use in the manufacture of concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 25 (2011) 3950–3955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.027
[35] F. Rodrigues, M.T. Carvalho, L. Evangelista, J. de Brito, Physical–chemical and mineralogical characterization of fine aggregates from construction and demolition waste recycling plants, Journal of Cleaner Production. 52 (2013) 438–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.02.023
[36] R.V. Silva, J. de Brito, R.K. Dhir, Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production, Construction and Building Materials. 65 (2014) 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.117
[37] N. Cristelo, C.S. Vieira, M. de Lurdes Lopes, Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Assessment of Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste for Road Embankments, Procedia Engineering. 143 (2016) 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.007
[38] C. Zhang, M. Hu, F. Di Maio, B. Sprecher, X. Yang, A. Tukker, An overview of the waste hierarchy framework for analyzing the circularity in construction and demolition waste management in Europe, Science of The Total Environment. 803 (2022) 149892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149892.
[39] G. Rodríguez, I. Sáez del Bosque, E. Asensio, M. Sánchez de Rojas, C. Medina, Construction and demolition waste applications and maximum daily output in Spanish recycling plants, Waste Manag Res. 38 (2020) 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X20904437
[40] A.S. Molla, P. Tang, W. Sher, D.N. Bekele, Chemicals of concern in construction and demolition waste fine residues: A systematic literature review, Journal of Environmental Management. 299 (2021) 113654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113654
[41] A. Podlasek, A. Jakimiuk, M.D. Vaverková, E. Koda, Monitoring and Assessment of Groundwater Quality at Landfill Sites: Selected Case Studies of Poland and the Czech Republic, Sustainability. 13 (2021) 7769. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147769
[42] X. Li, S. Ning, P. Zhang, W. Yang, Environmental Pollution and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in the Soil Around a Construction Waste Landfill, IJDNE. 15 (2020) 393–399. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.150312
[43] S. Bosoc, G. Suciu, A. Scheianu, I. Petre, Real-time sorting system for the Construction and Demolition Waste materials, in: 2021 13th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), 2021: pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECAI52376.2021.9515117.
[44] C.J. Spreadbury, K.A. Clavier, A.M. Lin, T.G. Townsend, A critical analysis of leaching and environmental risk assessment for reclaimed asphalt pavement management, Science of The Total Environment. 775 (2021) 145741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145741
[45] M.A. Imteaz, A. Arulrajah, S. Horpibulsuk, A. Ahsan, Environmental Suitability and Carbon Footprint Savings of Recycled Tyre Crumbs for Road Applications, Int J Environ Res. 12 (2018) 693–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0126-7
[46] Y.F. Song, B.-M. Wilke, X.Y. Song, P. Gong, Q.X. Zhou, G.F. Yang, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals (HMs) as well as their genotoxicity in soil after long-term wastewater irrigation, Chemosphere. 65 (2006) 1859–1868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.076
[47] C. Alexandridou, G.N. Angelopoulos, F.A. Coutelieris, Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Construction and Demolition Waste Produced in Greece, 8 (2014) 6.
[48] EN 13242 (2002) Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineering work and road construction, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[49] EN 932-2 (2012) Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates- Part 2: Methods for reducing laboratory samples, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[50] EN 15934 (2012) Sludge, treated biowaste, soil and waste – Calculation of dry matter fraction after determination of dry residue or water content, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[51] EN ISO 16703 (2011) Soil quality – Determination of content of hydrocarbon in the range C10 to C40 by gas chromatography, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[52] EN 933-11 (2012) Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates- Part 11: Classification test for the constituents of coarse recycled aggregate, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[53] EN 933-1 (2012) Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates- Part 1: Determination of granularity – sieve analysis, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[54] EN 1097-6 (2013) Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates -Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[55] EN 1097-3 (1998) Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates- Part 3: Determination of loose bulk density and voids, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[56] EN 1744-1 (2009) Tests for chemical properties of aggregates. Part 1: Chemical analysis, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[57] EN 933-3 (2012) Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates- Part 3: Determination of particle shape-Flattening coefficient, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[58] EN 1097-2 (2010) Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates- Part 2: Methods for the determination of resistance to fragmentation, European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[59] EN 1097-1 (2011) Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates- Part 1: Determination of the resistance to wear (Micro-Deval), European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
[60] J.R. Jiménez, J. Ayuso, F. Agrela, M. López, A.P. Galvín, Utilisation of unbound recycled aggregates from selected CDW in unpaved rural roads, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 58 (2012) 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.10.012
[61] L. Butler, J. West, S. Tighe, Effect of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Properties on Mixture Proportions of Structural Concrete, Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2290 (2012) 105–114. https://doi.org/10.3141/2290-14
[62] A. Diedhiou, L. Sow, N.M. Diop, Experimental Characterization of Shape of an Aggregate by a Numerical Value—Application to Senegalese Basaltic Aggregates for Rail Transport, OJCE. 10 (2020) 131–142. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2020.102012
[63] M.L. Chérif Aidara, M. Ba, A. Carter, Impact of Intrinsic Properties of Aggregate and Volumetric Properties of Hot Mixture Asphalt (HMA) in the Influence of the Resistance to Rutting, OJCE. 10 (2020) 187–194. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2020.103016
[64] K.H. Younis, K. Pilakoutas, Strength prediction model and methods for improving recycled aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 49 (2013) 688–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.003
[65] P. Nuaklong, A. Wongsa, V. Sata, K. Boonserm, J. Sanjayan, P. Chindaprasirt, Properties of high-calcium and low-calcium fly ash combination geopolymer mortar containing recycled aggregate, Heliyon. 5 (2019) e02513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02513
[66] M. Contreras-Llanes, M. Romero, M.J. Gázquez, J.P. Bolívar, Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste in the Manufacture of Urban Pavements, Materials. 14 (2021) 6605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216605
[67] S. Omary, E. Ghorbel, G. Wardeh, Relationships between recycled concrete aggregates characteristics and recycled aggregates concretes properties, Construction and Building Materials. 108 (2016) 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.042
[68] R. Kumar, Influence of recycled coarse aggregate derived from construction and demolition waste (CDW) on abrasion resistance of pavement concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 142 (2017) 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.077
[69] M. Bravo, J. de Brito, J. Pontes, L. Evangelista, Mechanical performance of concrete made with aggregates from construction and demolition waste recycling plants, Journal of Cleaner Production. 99 (2015) 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.012
[70] S. Omary, E. Ghorbel, G. Wardeh, Relationships between recycled concrete aggregates characteristics and recycled aggregates concretes properties, Construction and Building Materials. 108 (2016) 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.042
[71] L. Courard, M. Rondeux, Z. Zhao, F. Michel, Use of Recycled Fine Aggregates from C&DW for Unbound Road Sub-Base, Materials. 13 (2020) 2994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132994