Influence of viscosity, binder activation, and loading rate on the membrane response of an infiltrated UD-NCF

Influence of viscosity, binder activation, and loading rate on the membrane response of an infiltrated UD-NCF

MIRANDA PORTELA Renan, SCHÄFER Bastian, KÄRGER Luise, ROCHA DE FARIA Alfredo, MONTESANO John

download PDF

Abstract. Shear-tension coupling of engineering fabric is one of the most important behaviors during the draping phase of liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, including wet compression molding (WCM), which occurs with the infiltrated fabric and, in some cases, with the use of a stabilizing binder. In the present study, the membrane behavior of an impregnated and binder-stabilized uni-directional carbon fiber non-crimp fabric was characterized by performing off-axis tension tests. These tests allow the investigation of the influence of stabilizing binder, fluid viscosity and loading rate on the fabric membrane behavior. As result of these experimental tests, an increase in membrane force is noticed when the stabilizing binder is activated, attributed to a greater shear stiffness. Additionally, a decrease in forces is observed for impregnated fabric compared to dry textiles caused by a lubrication layer between fiber tows. The study provides a better understanding of the membrane behavior of the impregnated and binder-stabilized UD-NCF, which is relevant for a potential high-volume production process.

Keywords
Infiltrated Bias Extension Tests, Experimental Characterization, UD-NCF

Published online 4/24/2024, 9 pages
Copyright © 2024 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA

Citation: MIRANDA PORTELA Renan, SCHÄFER Bastian, KÄRGER Luise, ROCHA DE FARIA Alfredo, MONTESANO John, Influence of viscosity, binder activation, and loading rate on the membrane response of an infiltrated UD-NCF, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 41, pp 494-502, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-55

The article was published as article 55 of the book Material Forming

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

References
[1] C. Poppe, D. Dörr, F. Henning, and L. Kärger, “Experimental and numerical investigation of the shear behaviour of infiltrated woven fabrics,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 114, pp. 327–337, Nov. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.08.018
[2] C. Poppe, “Process simulation of wet compression moulding for continuous fibre-reinforced polymers,” Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, 2021.
[3] C. T. Poppe, C. Krauß, F. Albrecht, and L. Kärger, “A 3D process simulation model for wet compression moulding,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 145, p. 106379, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106379
[4] M. Ghazimoradi, E. A. Trejo, C. Butcher, and J. Montesano, “Characterizing the macroscopic response and local deformation mechanisms of a unidirectional non-crimp fabric,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 156, p. 106857, May 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.106857
[5] J. Pourtier, B. Duchamp, M. Kowalski, X. Legrand, P. Wang, and D. Soulat, “Bias extension test on a bi-axial non-crimp fabric powdered with a non-reactive binder system,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2018, vol. 1960, p. 020023. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5034824
[6] S. V. Lomov, Non-crimp fabric composites. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857092533
[7] B. Schäfer, R. Zheng, P. Boisse, and L. Kärger, “Investigation of the compaction behavior of uni-and bidirectional non-crimp fabrics,” in Materials Research Proceedings, 2023, vol. 28, pp. 331–338. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644902479-36
[8] P. Quenzel et al., “Material characterisation of biaxial glass-fibre non-crimp fabrics as a function of ply orientation, stitch pattern, stitch length and stitch tension,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 56, no. 26, pp. 3971–3991, Nov. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983221127005
[9] L. Kärger, S. Galkin, E. Kunze, M. Gude, and B. Schäfer, “Prediction of forming effects in UD-NCF by macroscopic forming simulation – Capabilities and limitations,” in ESAFORM 2021, 2021, pp. 14–16. https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.355
[10] P. H. Broberg, C. Krogh, E. Lindgaard, and B. L. V. Bak, “Simulation of Wrinkling during Forming of Binder Stabilized UD-NCF Preforms in Wind Turbine Blade Manufacturing,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 926, pp. 1248–1256, Jul. 2022. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-165q46
[11] P. Boisse, N. Hamila, E. Guzman-Maldonado, A. Madeo, G. Hivet, and F. Dell’Isola, “The bias-extension test for the analysis of in-plane shear properties of textile composite reinforcements and prepregs: a review,” Int. J. Mater. Form., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 473–492, Aug. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-016-1294-7
[12] F. J. Schirmaier, D. Dörr, F. Henning, and L. Kärger, “A macroscopic approach to simulate the forming behaviour of stitched unidirectional non-crimp fabrics (UD-NCF),” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 102, pp. 322–335, Nov. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.08.009
[13] G. Barbagallo, A. Madeo, I. Azehaf, I. Giorgio, F. Morestin, and P. Boisse, “Bias extension test on an unbalanced woven composite reinforcement: Experiments and modeling via a second-gradient continuum approach,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 153–170, Jan. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316643577
[14] B. Schäfer, R. Zheng, N. Naouar, and L. Kärger, “Membrane behavior of uni- and bidirectional non-crimp fabrics in off-axis-tension tests,” Int. J. Mater. Form., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 16–20, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-023-01792-x
[15] F. J. Schirmaier, K. A. Weidenmann, L. Kärger, and F. Henning, “Characterisation of the draping behaviour of unidirectional non-crimp fabrics (UD-NCF),” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 80, pp. 28–38, Jan. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.004
[16] M. Ghazimoradi and J. Montesano, “Macroscopic Forming Simulation for a Unidirectional Non-crimp Fabric Using an Anisotropic Hyperelastic Material Model,” Appl. Compos. Mater., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 2001–2023, Dec. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10158-0