Removal of PAHs from Wastewater Using Powdered Activated Carbon: A Case Study

$30.00

Removal of PAHs from Wastewater Using Powdered Activated Carbon: A Case Study

Zhaoyang You, Dongjian Cai, Jiaqing Tao, Kinjal J. Shah, Haiyang Xu

The aim of this study was to develop immobilized microorganism carrier for effectively degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially pyrene. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) was used to immobilize the bacterial consortium (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with binder CaCl2 and sodium alginate (SA) for improving mass transfer rate of the pyrene pollutants. Mass transfer properties, embedding ratio, and mechanical strength were inspected for the immobilization particles. Mechanical strength of SA beads was more influenced by proportion of SA and CaCl2 than by proportion of PAC. The optimum proportion of SA, CaCl2 and PAC were 2.5%, 2% and 0.5% for immobilization SA beads. The degradation of bacterial consortium (Pa+Kp) had the best degradation rates at 48.2% on 14 days. SA embedding immobilization by adding PAC can obviously enhanced effect of pyrene degradation because of bacterial absorption ability and nutrient permeability being improved.

Keywords
Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Powdered Activated Carbon, Mass Transfer Properties, Pyrene, Degradation

Published online 12/15/2020, 15 pages

Citation: Zhaoyang You, Dongjian Cai, Jiaqing Tao, Kinjal J. Shah, Haiyang Xu, Removal of PAHs from Wastewater Using Powdered Activated Carbon: A Case Study, Materials Research Foundations, Vol. 91, pp 204-218, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644901144-6

Part of the book on Advances in Wastewater Treatment I

References
[1] K. S. Varma, R. J. Tayade, K. J. Shah, P. A. Joshi, A. D. Shukla, V. G. Gandhi, Photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical and pesticide compounds (PPCs) using doped TiO2 nanomaterials: A review , Water-Energy Nexus. 3 (2020) 46-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2020.03.008
[2] K. Setty, A. Jiménez, J. Willetts, M. Leifels, J. Bartram, Global water, sanitation and hygiene research priorities and learning challenges under Sustainable Development Goal 6, Development Policy Review. 38.1 (2020) 64-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12475
[3] A. Mojiri, J. L.Zhou, A. Ohashi, N. Ozaki, T. Kindaichi, Comprehensive review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water sources, their effects and treatments, Science of The Total Environment. 696 (2019) 133971 (1-16). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133971
[4] C. Grandclement, I. Seyssiecq, A. Piram, P. Wong-Wah-Chung, G. Vanot, N. Tiliacos, N. Roche, P. Doumenq, From the conventional biological wastewater treatment to hybrid processes, the evaluation of organic micropollutant removal: a review, Water Res. 111 (2017) 297-317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.005
[5] Z.You, H. Xu, S. Zhang, H. Kim, P. Chiang, W. Yun, L. Zhang, M. He, Comparison of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Degradation by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Applied Sciences, 8. (2018) 2551. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122551
[6] R. T. Gill, M. J. Harbottle, J. W. Smith, S.F. Thornton, Electrokinetic-enhanced bioremediation of organic contaminants: A review of processes and environmental applications. Chemosphere 107 (2014) 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.019
[7] A. K. Haritash, C. P. Kaushik, Biodegradation aspects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 169 (2009) 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.137
[8] D. Eeshwarasinghe, P. Loganathan, M. Kalaruban, D. P. Sounthararajah, J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, Removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water using granular activated carbon: kinetic and equilibrium adsorption studies, Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25 (2018) 13511-13524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1518-0
[9] F. Li,, J. Chen, X. Hu, F. He, E. Bean, D. C. W. Tsang, Y. S. Ok, and B. Gao, Applications of carbonaceous adsorbents in the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments: A review, Journal of Cleaner Production. 255 (2020) 120263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120263
[10] Z. Gong, K. Alef, B. Wilke, P. Li, Activated carbon adsorption of PAHs from vegetable oil used in soil remediation: Journal of Hazardous Materials. 143 (2007) 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.037
[11] H. Bao, J. Wang, H. Zhang, J. Li, H. Li, and F. Wu, Effects of biochar and organic substrates on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbial community structure in PAHs-contaminated soils: Journal of Hazardous Materials, 385 (2020) 121595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121595
[12] B. Tomczyk, A. Siatecka, Y. Gao, Y. S. Ok, A. Bogusz, and P. Oleszczuk, The convertion of sewage sludge to biochar as a sustainable tool of PAHs exposure reduction during agricultural utilization of sewage sludges, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 392 (2020) 122416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122416
[13] L.Kong, Y. Gao, Q. Zhou, X. Zhao, and Z. Sun, Biochar accelerates PAHs biodegradation in petroleum-polluted soil by biostimulation strategy, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 343 (2018) 276-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.040
[14] N.Ni, F. Wang, Y. Song, Y. Bian, R. Shi, X. Yang, C. Gu, and X. Jiang, Mechanisms of biochar reducing the bioaccumulation of PAHs in rice from soil: Degradation stimulation vs immobilization, Chemosphere. 196 (2018) 288-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.192
[15] N. Vainrot, M. S. Eisen, R. Semiat, Membranes in Desalination and Water Treatment: MRS bulletin. 33 (2008) 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.9
[16] H. Bao, J. Wang, J. Li, H. Zhang, F. Wu, Effects of corn straw on dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potential application of backpropagation artificial neural network prediction model for PAHs bioremediation, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 186 (2019) 109745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109745
[17] M.Kalantari, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, C. Yu, Dendritic mesoporous carbon nanoparticles for ultrahigh and fast adsorption of anthracene, Chemosphere. 215 (2019) 716-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.071
[18] C. Sakulthaew, S. D. Comfort, C. Chokejaroenrat, X. Li, C. E. Harris, Removing PAHs from urban runoff water by combining ozonation and carbon nano-onions, Chemosphere. 141 (2015) 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.002
[19] V. Araujo-Contreras, F. Yepez, O. Castellano, J. Urdaneta, and N. Cubillán, Interaction of Chrysene, Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene with Graphene Models of Different Sizes: Insights from DFT Molecular Electrical Properties, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 39 (2019) 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2016.1267020
[20] A. A.Akinpelu, M. E. Ali, M. R. Johan, R. Saidur, Z. Z. Chowdhury, A. M. Shemsi, and T. A. Saleh, Effect of the oxidation process on the molecular interaction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with carbon nanotubes: Adsorption kinetic and isotherm study, Journal of Molecular Liquids. 289 (2019) 111107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111107
[21] G. Sigmund, C. Poyntner, G. Piñar, M. Kah, and T. Hofmann, Influence of compost and biochar on microbial communities and the sorption/degradation of PAHs and NSO-substituted PAHs in contaminated soils, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 345 (2018) 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.010
[22] S. Bonaglia, E. Broman, B. Brindefalk, E. Hedlund, T. Hjorth, C. Rolff, F. J. A. Nascimento, K. Udekwu, J. S. Gunnarsson, Activated carbon stimulates microbial diversity and PAH biodegradation under anaerobic conditions in oil-polluted sediments, Chemosphere. 248 (2020) 126023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126023
[23] X. Ge, Z. Wu, Z. Wu, Y. Yan, G. Cravotto, B. Ye, Enhanced PAHs adsorption using iron-modified coal-based activated carbon via microwave radiation, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 64 (2016) 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.03.050
[24] J. Yuan, L. Feng, J. Wang, Rapid adsorption of naphthalene from aqueous solution by naphthylmethyl derived porous carbon materials, Journal of Molecular Liquids. 304 (2020) 112768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112768
[25] X.Yang, H. Cai, M. Bao, J. Yu, J. Lu, and Y. Li, Insight into the highly efficient degradation of PAHs in water over graphene oxide/Ag3PO4 composites under visible light irradiation, Chemical Engineering Journal. 334 (2018) 355-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.104
[26] B. J. Xiong, Y. C. Zhang, Y. W. Hou, H. P. H. Arp, B. J. Reid, Enhanced biodegradation of PAHs in historically contaminated soil by M. gilvum inoculated biochar, Chemosphere. 182 (2017) 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.020
[27] Y. Y. Sun, X. H. Xu, X. Q. Shi, J. C. Wu, X. H. Li,Biodegradation of Pyrene by Free and Immobilized Cells of Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum Strain FA1, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 227.4 (2016) 120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2824-0
[28] P. Shwu-Ling, H. Yu-Lan, C. Nyuk-Min, S.Ching-Sen, and C. Chei-Hsiang, Continuous degradation of phenol by Rhodococcus sp. immobilized on granular activated carbon and in calcium alginate: Bioresource Technology. 51 (1995) 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(94)00078-F
[29] G.Sekaran,, S. Karthikeyan, C. Nagalakshmi, A. B. Mandal, Integrated Bacillus sp. immobilized cell reactor and Synechocystis sp. algal reactor for the treatment of tannery wastewater, Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 20 (2013) 281-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0891-3
[30] M. Iqbal, and A. Saeed, Biosorption of reactive dye by loofa sponge-immobilized fungal biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Process Biochemistry. 42 (2007) 1160-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2007.05.014
[31] M. Maleki., M. Motamedi, M. Sedighi, S. M. Zamir, and F. Vahabzadeh, Experimental study and kinetic modeling of cometabolic degradation of phenol and p-nitrophenol by loofa-immobilized Ralstonia eutropha, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering. 20 (2015) 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0593-4
[32] N. Massalha, A. Shaviv, and I. Sabbah, Modeling the effect of immobilization of microorganisms on the rate of biodegradation of phenol under inhibitory conditions, Water research. 44 (2010) 5252-5259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.042