Green synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGNO) / Polyvinylchloride (PVC) composites and their structural characterization

Green synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGNO) / Polyvinylchloride (PVC) composites and their structural characterization

Ferda MINDIVAN, Meryem GOKTAS

download PDF

Abstract. Graphene and graphene derivatives are widely used as fillers for polymer composite materials. The Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGNO) is usually considered as one kind of chemically derived graphene, just like Graphene Oxide (GO). However, very dangerous chemicals are used for synthesis of RGNO. Specially, hydrazine hydrate used to form RGNO is highly toxic and unstable. In this paper, a green strategy was reported for the synthesis of RGNO. To this aim, firstly GO was prepared from natural graphite by Hummers method and then obtained GO was reduced by vitamin C. Structural characterization results revealed that GO was successfully reduced to RGNO. RGNO filled polyvinylchloride (PVC) composites were prepared by colloidal blending method. The structural changes were observed in RGNO/PVC composites as a function of RGNO loading and confirmed by FTIR, XRD and SEM analyses. These analyses indicated that RGNO layers were fully exfoliated and well-dispersed in the PVC matrix.

Keywords
Reduced graphene oxide (RGNO), Vitamin C, Green synthesis, Polyvinylchloride (PVC), Composite

Published online 11/5/2018, 9 pages
Copyright © 2018 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA

Citation: Ferda MINDIVAN, Meryem GOKTAS, ‘Green synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGNO) / Polyvinylchloride (PVC) composites and their structural characterization’, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 8, pp 143-151, 2018

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291999-16

The article was published as article 16 of the book Powder Metallurgy and Advanced Materials

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

References
[1] S. Stankovich, D. A. Dikin, R. D. Piner, K. A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S. T. Nguyen, R. S. Ruoff, Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide, Carbon. 45 (2007) 1558–1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034
[2] S. Park, J. An, J. R. Potts, A. Velamakanni, S. Murali, R. S. Ruoff, Hydrazine-reduction of graphite- and graphene oxide, Carbon. 49 (2011) 3019 –3023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.071
[3] D. N. H. Tran, S. Kabiri, D. Losic, A green approach for the reduction of graphene oxide nanosheets using non-aromatic amino acids, Carbon. 76 (2014) 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.04.067
[4] S. Thakur, N. Karak, Green reduction of graphene oxide by aqueous phytoextracts, Carbon. 50 (2012) 5331-5339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.07.023
[5] Y.-K. Kim, M. -H. Kim, D.-H. Min, Biocompatible reduced graphene oxide prepared by using dextran as a multifunctional reducing agent, Chem. Commun. 47 (2011) 3195–3197. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cc05005a
[6] Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, G. Ma, Z. Wang, K. Liu, H. Liu, Ethylene glycol reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole composite for supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta. 88 (2013) 519-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.082
[7] S. Gurunathan, J. W. Han, A. A. Dayem, V. Eppakayala, M.-R. Park, D.-N. Kwon, J.-H. Kim, Antibacterial activity of dithiothreitol reduced graphene oxide, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 19 (2013) 1280–1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.12.029
[8] Y. Jin, S. Huang, M. Zhang, M. Jia, D. Hu, A green and efficient method to produce graphene for electrochemical capacitors from graphene oxide using sodium carbonate as a reducing agent, Appl. Surf. Sci. 268 (2013) 541– 546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.01.004
[9] M.J. Fernandez-Merino, L. Guardia, J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, P. Solis-Fernandez, A. Martinez-Alonso, J.M.D. Tascon, Vitamin C is an ideal substitute for hydrazine in the reduction of graphene oxide suspensions, J. Phys. Chem. C. 114 (2010) 6426–6432. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp100603h
[10] A.I. Kamisan, A.-S. Kamisan, R. Md. Ali, T.I. Tunku Kudin, O.H. Hassan, N. A. Halim, M.Z.A. Yahya, Synthesis of graphene via green reduction of graphene oxide with simple sugars, Adv. Mat. Res. 1107 (2015) 542-546.
[11] Y. Wang, Z. Shi, J. Yin, Facile Synthesis of soluble graphene via a green reduction of graphene oxide in tea solution and its biocomposites, ACS Appl. Mater. and Interfaces. 3 (2011) 1127–1133. https://doi.org/10.1021/am1012613
[12] Y. Guo, X. Sun, Y. Liu, W. Wang, H. Qiu, J. Gao, One pot preparation of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) or Au (Ag) nanoparticle-RGO hybrids using chitosan as a reducing and stabilizing agent and their use in methanol electrooxidation, Carbon. 50 (2012) 2513-2523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.01.074
[13] P. Li, X. Chen, J.-B. Zeng, L. Gan, M. Wang, Enhancement of the interfacial interaction between poly(vinyl chloride) and zinc oxide modified reduced graphene oxide, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 5784–5791. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA20893A
[14] X. C. Ge, X. H. Li, Y. Z. Meng, Tensile Properties, Morphology and thermal behavior of PVC composites containing pine flour and bamboo flour, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 93 (2004) 1804–1811. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20644
[15] J. Hu, X. Jia, C. Li, Z. Ma, G. Zhang, W. Sheng, X. Zhang, Z. Wei, Effect of interfacial interaction between graphene oxide derivatives and poly(vinyl chloride) upon the mechanical properties of their nanocomposites, J. Mater. Sci. 49 (2014) 2943-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-8006-1
[16] H. J. Salavagione, G. Martínez, Importance of covalent linkages in the preparation of effective reduced graphene oxide_poly(vinyl chloride) nanocomposites, Macromolecules. 44, 2011, 2685–2692. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma102932c
[17] K. Deshmukh, G. M. Joshi, Thermo-mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/graphene oxide as high performance nanocomposites, Polym. Test. 34 (2014) 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.01.015
[18] K. Deshmukh, S. M. Khatake, G. M. Joshi, Surface properties of graphene oxide reinforced polyvinylchloride nanocomposites, J. Polym. Res. 20 (2013) 286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-013-0286-2
[19] M. Hasan, M. Lee, Enhancement of the thermo-mechanical properties and efficacy of mixing technique in the preparation of graphene/PVC nanocomposites compared to carbon nanotubes/PVC, Prog Nat Sci-Mater Int. 24 (2014) 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.10.004
[20] S. Vadukumpully, J. Paul, N. Mahanta, S. Valiyaveettil, Flexible conductive graphene/poly(vinyl chloride) composite thin films with high mechanical strength and thermal stability, Carbon. 49 (2011) 198-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.09.004
[21] H. Wang, G. Xie, M. Fang, Z. Ying, Y. Tong, Y. Zeng, Electrical and mechanical properties of antistatic PVC films containing multi-layer graphene, Compos. Part B-Eng. 79 (2014) 444–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.05.011
[22] W.S. Hummers, R. E. Offeman, Preparation of graphitic oxide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80 (1958) 1339. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01539a017
[23] S. Ramesh, K. H. Leen, K. Kumutha, A.K. Arof, FTIR studies of PVC/PMMA blend based polymer electrolytes, Spectrochim. Acta A. 66 (2007) 1237–1242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2006.06.012
[24] S. Gurunathan, J. W. Han, E. Kim, D.-N. Kwon, J.-K. Park, J.-H. Kim, Enhanced green fluorescent protein-mediated synthesis of biocompatible graphene, J. Nanobiotechnol. (2014) 12:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-014-0041-9
[25] C. Bora, P. Bharali, S. Baglari, S. K. Dolui, B. K. Konwar, Strong and conductive reduced graphene oxide/polyester resin composite films with improved mechanical strength, thermal stability and its antibacterial activity, Compos. Sci. Technol. 87 (2013) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.07.025
[26] Y. Wu, , H. Luo, H. Wang, C. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang. Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by graphene modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci. 394 (2013) 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2012.11.049
[27] M. Safarpour, A. Khataee, V. Vatanpour, Thin film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membrane modified by reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 with improved desalination performance, J. Membrane Sci. 489 (2015) 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.04.010
[28] D. Li, B. Zhang, F. Xuan, The sequestration of Sr(II) and Cs(I) from aqueous solutions by magnetic graphene oxides, J Mol. Liq. 209 (2015) 508–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.06.022
[29] F. Mindivan, The Synthesis, Thermal and structural characterization of Polyvinylchloride/Graphene Oxide (PVC/GO) composites, Mater. Sci. Non – Equilib. Phase Transform. 3 (2015) 33-36.