Smart material and structural health monitoring in composite applications – an innovative approaches in non destructive testing

$15.95

Smart material and structural health monitoring in composite applications – an innovative approaches in non destructive testing

F. Mustapha

A series of advances in improving structural integrity and lifespan has been a major focuse area for critical assembly structures such as aircraft and other related aerospace systems. It is well known that the adoption of new materials and technologies into aerospace structures is very conservative and heavily dependent upon past design technology. Most modern and existing aircrafts are currently employing two design methodologies for the enhancement of the life management process, which are the safe-life, and damage-tolerant philosophy. Based on these procedures, the methodology is only beneficial if the critical damage location is known beforehand and moreover the drawback from this principle is that, it is a manpower related inspection which will have a significant impact on the overall direct operational costs (DOC). Even though this methodology is widely used by many aircraft designers in order to ensure safety and reliability, the frequent cycles and elaborate inspection procedures can sometimes be considered unnecessary, inefficient and can potentially lead to economic turmoil and increase the aircraft downtime. Thus, the method of inspection is critical to distinguish the structure life and true condition of the tested structure effectively. Nevertheless, selecting an inspection method is still subjective and in most cases will depend on several other factors and professional experience. The urgent need for fast and efficient selection of Non Destructive Evaluation\ Testing (NDE/T) is vital for reducing the need for man-power and aircraft down-time costs. In addition, consistent monitoring of the structural states of the aircraft structure is important for ensuring reliability and durability of the air vehicles. The process of continuous or consistent monitoring using the above NDE/T methods also known as a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system.

Keywords
Composite Materials, Non Destructive Testing (NDT), Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)

Published online 3/16/2017, 25 pages
Copyright © 2016 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA

Citation: F. Mustapha, ‘Smart material and structural health monitoring in composite applications – an innovative approaches in non destructive testing’, Materials Research Foundations, Vol. 13, pp 1-25, 2017

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291296-1

The article was published as article 1 of the book Innovation in Smart Materials and Structural Health Monitoring for Composite Applications

References
[1] GmbH, E.D., The research requirements of the transport sectors to facilitate an increase usage of composite materials., in COMPOSITN. 2004.
[2] Boller, C., (2001).Ways and options for aircraft structural health management.Smart Material Structure, 10: p. 432-440.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/10/3/302
[3] Fielding, J.P., Introduction to Aircraft Design. Vol. 1. 1999: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808906
[4] Boller, C., (2000).Next Generation structural health monitoring and its integration into aircraft design. International Journal of Systems Science, 31(11): p. 1333-1349.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207720050197730
[5] Sierakowski, R.L. and G.M. Newaz, Damage Tolerance in advanced composite. 1995, Pennsylvania, USA: Technomic Publishing Company.
[6] Kessler, S.S., PhD Thesis; Piezoelectric-Based In-Situ Damage Detection of Composite Materials for Structural Health Monitoring Systems, in Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2002, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Massachusetts.
[7] Raymer, D.P., Aircraft Design: A conceptual approach. 1992, Washington D.C: AIAA eductaion series.
[8] Tober, G. and W.B. Klemmt. NDI Reliability Rules used by Transport Aircraft -European View Point. in 15th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing.Rome.
[9] Schmidt, H.J., B. Schmidt-Brandecker, and G. Tober, (1999).Design of Modern Aircraft Structure and the Role of NDI. NDT.net, 4(6).
[10] O’ Brien, E., Structural Health Monitoring (Post-Nucleation Fatigue DamageDetection and Monitoring of Structures Designed by Damage Tolerant Principles). 2005, Airbus.
[11] Diamanti, K., J.M. Hodgkinson, and C. Soutis, (2004).Detection of Low-velocity Impact Damage in Composite Plates using Lamb waves. Structural Health Monitoring, 3(1): p. 33-41.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921704041869
[12] Bar-Cohen, Y., (1999).In-Service NDE of Aerospace Structures – Emerging Technologies and Challenges at the End of the 2nd Millennium. NDT.net, 4(9).
[13] Tr`etout, H., (1998).Review of advanced ultrasonic techniques for aerospace structures. NDT.net, 3(9).
[14] Website, http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/publictn.htm accessed on 28/8/2005.
[15] Staszewski, W.J., C. Boller, and G. Tomlinson, Health Monitoring of Aerspace Structures, Smart Sensor Technologies and Signal Processing. 2003: John Wiley.
[16] Website, A., http://iac.dtic.mil/ntiac/aastory.htm accessed on 27/08/2005.
[17] Chopra, I., (2002).Review of State of Art of Smart Structures and Integrated Systems. AIAA, 40(11): p. 2145-2187.
[18] Mackerle, J., (2003).Smart materials and structures—a finite element approach—an addendum: a bibliography (1997–2002). Modelling and Simulation In Materials Science And Engineering, 11: p. 707-744.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/11/5/302
[19] Akhras, G., (2000).Smart Materials and smart systems for the future. Canadian Military Journal, (Autumn 2000).
[20] Hall, S.R. and T.J.Conquest, (1999).The Total Data Integrity Initiative –Structural Health Monitoring, The Next Generation. Proceedings of the USAIF ASIP Conference.
[21] Kessler, S.S. and S.M. Spearing, (2002).Damage Detection in Composite Material Using Lamb Wave Methods. Smart Materials & Structures, 11(2): p. 269-278. 209
https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/11/2/310
[22] Giurgiutiu, V. and J. Bao, (2004).Embedded-ultrasonic Structural Radar for In Situ Structural Health Monitoring of Thin-wall structures. Structural Health Monitoring, 3(2): p. 121-140.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921704042697
[23] Van der Auweraer, H. and B. Peeters, (2003).International Research Projects on Structural Health Monitoring: An Overview. Structural Health Monitoring., 2(4): p. 341-358.
https://doi.org/10.1177/147592103039836
[24] Balageas, D., (2002).Structural health monitoring R&D at the “European Research Establishment in Aeronautics”(EREA). Aerospace Science and Technology, 6: p. 159-170.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1270-9638(01)01140-3
[25] Ghosh, A. and Sinha P.K., (2004).Dynamic and impact response of damage laminated composite plates. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 76(1): p. 29-37.
https://doi.org/10.1108/00022660410514982
[26] Sohn, H., et al., (2003).A Review of Structural Health Monitoring Literature: 1996-2001. Los Alamos National Laboratory Report, LA-13976-MS, 2003.
[27] Staszewski, W.J., (2000).Monitoring on-line integrated technologies for operational reliability – MONITOR. Air & Space Europe, 2(4): p. 67-72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1290-0958(01)80019-8
[28] Staszewski, W.J. Ultrasonic/Guided Waves for Structural Health Monitoring. In DAMAS. 2005. Gdansk, Poland.
[29] Alleyne, D.N., PhD thesis, The Nondestructive Testing of plates using ultrasonic lamb waves, in Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. 1991, University of London: London.
[30] Website, N., http://www.asnt.org/ndt/primer4.htm accessed on 12/02/2004.
[31] Li, J. and J.L. Rose, (2002).Angular-Profile Tuning of Guided Waves in Hollow Cyclinders Using a Circumferential Phased Array. IEEE Transcations of Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 49(12): p. 1720-1724.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2002.1159849
[32] Worden, K., (2001).Rayleigh and Lamb Waves -Basic Principles. Strain, 37(4).
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2001.tb01254.x
[33] Rose, J.L., Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media. 1999: Cambrige University Press.
[34] Krautkramer, Ultrasonic Testing of Materials. 2 ed. 1990: Springer Verlag.
[35] Demer, L.J. and L.H. Fentnor, (1969). Lamb wave techniques in Nondestructive testing. International Journal of Nondestructive Testing, 1: p. 251-283.
[36] Viktorov, I.A., Rayleigh and Lamb waves: physical theory and applications. Ultrasonic technology. 1967, New York: Plenum Press. x, 154.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5681-1
[37] Alleyne, D.N. and P. Cawley, (1992).The interaction of Lamb waves with defects. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control: p. 381-397.
https://doi.org/10.1109/58.143172
[38] Worden, K., et al., (2000).Detection of defects in composite plates using Lamb waves and novelty detection. International Journal of Systems Science, 31(11): p. 1397-1409.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207720050197785
[39] Staszewski, W.J. and B.C. Lee, (2002).Modelling of acousto-ultrasonic wave interaction with defects in metallic structures. ISMA2002.
[40] Pierce, S.G., Culshaw B., Manson G., and W.K.a.W.J. Staszewski. The Application of Ultrasonic Lamb Wave Techniques to the Evaluation of Advanced Composite Structures. in SPIE International Symposium on Smart Structures And Materials 2000: Sensory Phenomena And Measurement Instrumentation For Smart Structures And Materials. 2000. Newport Beach, California, USA.
[41] Kehlenbach, M. and D. S., (2002).Identifying Damage in Plates by Analysing Lamb Wave Propagation Characteristics. Proceedings of SPIE, Smart Nondestructive Evaluation for Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems, 4702: p. 364-375.
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.469897
[42] Liu, T., M. Veidt, and S. Kitipornchai, (2002).Single mode Lamb waves in composite laminated plates generated by piezoelectric transducers. Composite Structure, 58(3): p. 381-396. 210
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(02)00191-5
[43] Varadan, V.K. and V.V. Varadan. Wireless remotely readable and programmable microsensor and MEMS for health monitoring of aircraft structures. in International workshop on structural health monitoring, 2nd Conference. 1999.
[44] ANSI/IEEE, An American National Standard IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity ANSI/IEEE 176-1987. 1987, USA.
[45] Worlton, D.C., (1961).Experimental Confirmation of Lamb Waves at Megacycle Frequencies. Journal of Applied Physics, 32(6): p. 967-971.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1736196
[46] Alleyne, D.N.a.C.P., (1992).Optimization of Lamb wave inspection techniques. NDT & E international, 25(1): p. 11-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(92)90003-Y
[47] Cawley, P., Alleyne, David N., (1996).The use of Lamb waves for the long range inspection of large structures. Ultrasonics, 34: p. 287-290.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-624X(96)00024-8
[48] Nishino, H., T. S., F. Uchida, M. Takemoto, and K. Ono, (2001).Modal Analysis of Hollow Cylindrical Guided Waves and Applications. The Japan Journal Applied Physics, 40(1): p. 364-370.
https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.40.364
[49] Seale, M.D., B.T. Smith, B.T. Processer, and J.E. Masters, (1994).Lamb Wave Response of Fatigued Composite Sample. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation., 13B: p. 1261-1266.
[50] Pei, J., et al., (1995).Lamb wave tomography and its application in pipe erosion/corrosion monitoring. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 6: p. 795-798.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.1995.495686
[51] Lee, Y.C. and S.W. Cheng, (2001).Measuring Lamb Wave Dispersion Curves of a Bi-Layered Plate and Its Application on Material Characterization of Coating. IEEE Transcations of Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 48(3).
[52] Na, W.-B., T. Kundu, and M.R. Ehsani, (2003).Lamb waves for detecting delamination between steel bars and concrete. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 18(1): p. 58-63.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8667.t01-1-00299
[53] Hansch, M.K., K.M. Rajana, and J.L. Rose, (1994).Characterization of Aircraft Joints using Ultrasonic Guided Waves and Physically based Feature Extraction. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium: p. 1193-1196.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.1994.401799
[54] Alleyne, D.N. and P. Cawley, (1990).A 2-Dimensional Fourier Transform method for the quantitative measurement of Lamb modes. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium: p. 1143-1146.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1990.171541
[55] Wilcox, P.D., M.J.S. Lowe, and P. Cawley, (2001).Mode and Transducer Selection for Long Range Lamb Wave Inspection. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures., 12: p. 553-565.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10453890122145348
[56] Worden, K., D. Allen, H. Sohn, and C.R. Farrar, Damage Detection in Mechanical Structures using Extreme Values Statistics. 2002: Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13903-MS.
[57] Finlayson, R.D., M. Friesel, M. Carlos, P. Cole, and J.C. Lenain, (2001).Health monitoring of aerospace structures with acoustic emission and acousto-ultrasonics. Insight, 43(3).
[58] Geng, R.S. Application of Acoustic Emission For Aviation Industry- Problems and Approaches. in World Conference on NDT. 2004. Montreal Canada.
[59] Manson, G., K. Worden, A. Martin, and D.L. Tunnicliffe, (1999).Visualisation and dimension reduction of acoustic emission data for damage detection. Key Engineering Materials, 167-168: p. 64-75.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.167-168.64
[60] Tscheliesnig, P. Corrosion Testing of Ship Building Materials with Acoustic Emission. in 26th European Conference on Acoustic Emission Testing. 2004. Berlin. 211
[61] Website, A., http://www.capgo.com/Resources/ConditionMonitoring/Acoustic.html accessed on 23/10/2005.
[62] Website, E., http://www.engineersedge.com/inspection/eddycurrent.htm accessed on 12/11/2005.
[63] Schall, W.E., Non-Destructive Testing, ed. M.P. Co.Ltd. 1968, London.
[64] Website, E., http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2004/eddy_current.htm accessed on 12/11/2005.
[65] Titman, D.J., (2001).Applications of thermography in non-destructive testing of structures. NDT&E International, 34: p. 149-154.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(00)00039-6
[66] Website, V.T., http://www.asnt.org/publications/materialseval/basics/jul98basics/jul98basics.html accessed on 15/11/2005.
[67] Mufti, A.A., (2002).Structural Health Monitoring of Innovative Canadian Civil Engineering Structures. Structural Health Monitoring, 1(1): p. 89-103.
https://doi.org/10.1177/147592170200100106
[68] Keller, E. and A. Ray, (2003).Real-time Health Monitoring of Mechanical Structures. Structural Health Monitoring, 2(3): p. 191-203.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921703036048
[69] Schulz, M.J., A. Ghoshal, M.J. Sundaresan, P.F. Pai, and J.H. Chung, (2003).Theory of Damage Detection Using Constrained Vibration Deflection Shapes. Structural Health Monitoring, 2(1): p. 75-99.
https://doi.org/10.1177/147592103031114
[70] Carden, E.P. and P. Fanning, (2004).Vibration Based Condition Monitoring: A Review. Structural Health Monitoring, 3(4): p. 355-377.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921704047500
[71] Ching, J. and L.J. Beck, (2004).New Bayesian Model Updating Algorithm Applied to a Structural Health Monitoring Benchmark. Structural Health Monitoring, 3(4): p. 313-332.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921704047499
[72] Doebling, S.W., C.R. Farrar, and M.B. Prime, (1996).A summary review of vibration based damage identification methods. The Shock and Vibration Digest, 30(2): p. 91-105.
https://doi.org/10.1177/058310249803000201
[73] Mal, A., F. Ricci, S. Banerjee, and F. Shih, (2005).A Conceptual Structural Health Monitoring System based on Vibration and Wave Propagation. Structural Health Monitoring, 4(3): p. 283-294.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921705055254
[74] Farrar, C.R. and H. Sohn. Pattern Recognition for Structural Health Monitoring. in Workshop on Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster by Advanced Technologies. 2000. Las Vegas, USA.
[75] Farrar, C.R., T.A. Duffey, S.W. Doebling, and D.A. Nix. A Statistical Pattern Recognition Paradigm for Vibration-Based Structural Health Monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring. 2000. Stanford, CA, USA.
[76] Bement, M.T. and C.R. Farrar. Issues for the Application of Statistical Models in damage detection. in International Modal Analysis Conference (IMAC 18). 2000. San Antonio.
[77] Worden, K. and J.M. Dulieu-Barton, (2004).An Overview of Intelligent Fault Detection in Systems and Structures. Structural Health Monitoring, 3(1): p. 85-98.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921704041866
[78] Sazonov, E., K.D. Janoyan, and R. Jha. Wireless Intelligent Sensor Network for Autonomous Structural Health Monitoring. in Smart Structures/NDE 2004. 2004. San Diego, California.
[79] Zhao, X., C. Kwan, and M. Luk. Wireless Nondestructive Inspection of Aircraft wing with ultrasonic guided waves. in 16th World Conference on NDT. 2004. Montreal,Canada.
[80] Farrar, C.R. and S.W. Doebling. An Overview of Model-Based Damage Identification Methods. in DAMAS. 1997. Sheffield, UK. 212
[81] Jolliffe, I.T., Principal Component Analysis. 1986: Springer-Verlag.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1904-8
[82] Worden, K., G. Manson, and N.R.J. Fieller, (2000).Damage detection using outlier analysis. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 229(3): p. 647-667.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1999.2514
[83] Bishop, C.M., (1994).Novelty detection and neural network validation. IEEE Proc. Vision and Image Signal Processing, 141: p. 217-222.
https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-vis:19941330
[84] Sohn, H., C.R. Farrar, N.F. Hunter, and K. Worden, (2001).Structural Health Monitoring using statistical pattern recognition techniques. Journal of Dynamics System Measurement and Control, 123: p. 706-711.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1410933
[85] Kessler, S.S. and D.J. Shim. Validation of a Lamb Wave-Based Structural Health Monitoring System for Aircraft Application. in SPIE Conference. 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.599757
[86] Manson, G., K. Worden, and D. Allman, (2003).Experimental validation of a structural health monitoring methodology. Part I. Novelty detection on a Gnat aircraft. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 258(2): p. 345-363.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2002.5167
[87] Giurgiutiu, V., A. Zagrai, and J. Bao, (2004).Damage Identification in Aging Aircraft Structures with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 15: p. 673-687.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X04038051
[88] Yang, J., F.K. Chang, and M. Derriso, (2003).Design of a Hierarchical Health Monitoring System for Detection of Multilevel Damage in Bolted Thermal Protection Panels: A Preliminary Study. Structural Health Monitoring., 2(2): p. 115-122.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921703002002003
[89] Ihn, J.B. and F.K. Chang, (2004).Detection and monitoring of hidden fatigue crack growth using a built-in piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: I.Diagnostics. Smart Material Structure, 13: p. 609-620.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/13/3/020
[90] Ihn, J.B. and F.K. Chang, (2004).Detection and monitoring of hidden fatigue crack growth using a built-in monitoring piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: II.Validation using riveted joints and repair patches. Smart Material Structure, 13: p. 621-630
https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/13/3/020