Role of Plasma-Induced Liquid Chemistry for the Reduction Mechanism of Silver Ions to form Silver Nanostructures
Jenish Patel and Jiten P. Tailor
download PDFAbstract. There exists a variety of reports on the synthesis of silver nanostructures by plasma-liquid interactions; however seldom are those that discusses the underlying reaction kinetics. The present study focuses in such direction where the role of plasma-induced chemistry has been analysed in detail with the reports on the influence of radicals on the formation of silver nanostructures. The silver nanostructures are synthesized from various precursor concentrations of silver and characterized byultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Further, experiments have been carried out to clarify the role of reductants in silver nanostructures synthesis. It is found that hydrogen peroxide is unable to reduce the silver ions to silver atoms which is a necessary step to produce silver nanostructures. The addition of organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol has been found to enhance the production rate of silver nanostructures which indicates that methanol and ethanol are strong electron donors affecting the reduction process of silver ions. In order to probe the exact reaction mechanism for silver nanostructures synthesis, iodine has been used as hydrogen radical scavenger along with silver precursor solutions; however, it has been observed that addition of iodine ions generates a favourable condition for the reduction of silver ions. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy results indicate the existence of small clusters of silver ions and silver iodide and further transmission electron microscopy characterization suggests that a well-dispersed silver nanoparticles of less than 30 nm in size have been formed. The lattice spacing calculation from transmission electron microscopy images suggests the presence of crystallinity of the particles. Overall, it is found that there are two possible ways for the reduction mechanism of silver nanostructures: either via hydrated electrons or hydrogen radicals or both.
Keywords
Nanostructures, Plasma-Liquid Interactions, Reaction Kinetics, Plasma Chemistry, UV-Vis and TEM Analysis
Published online 3/25/2022, 17 pages
Copyright © 2022 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: Jenish Patel and Jiten P. Tailor, Role of Plasma-Induced Liquid Chemistry for the Reduction Mechanism of Silver Ions to form Silver Nanostructures, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 22, pp 40-56, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644901878-7
The article was published as article 7 of the book Functional Materials and Applied Physics
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
References
[1] Lee, H., Park, S.H., Jung, S.C., Yun, J.J., Kim, S.J. and Kim, D.H., 2013. Preparation of nonaggregated silver nanoparticles by the liquid phase plasma reduction method. Journal of Materials Research, 28(8), pp.1105-1110. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2013.59
[2] Shuaib, U., Hussain, T., Ahmad, R., Zakaullah, M., Mubarik, F.E., Muntaha, S.T. and Ashraf, S., 2020. Plasma-liquid synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial and antifungal applications. Materials Research Express, 7(3), pp.035015. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab7cb6
[3] Skiba, M.I., Vorobyova, V.I. and Kosogina, I.V., 2020. Preparation of silver nanoparticles in a plasma-liquid system in the presence of PVA: antimicrobial, catalytic, and sensing properties. Journal of Chemistry, 3, pp 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5380950
[4] Kondeti, V.S.K., Gangal, U., Yatom, S. and Bruggeman, P.J., 2017. Ag+ reduction and silver nanoparticle synthesis at the plasma–liquid interface by an RF driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet: Mechanisms and the effect of surfactant. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 35(6), p.061302. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4995374
[5] Kim, H.J., Shin, J.G., Park, C.S., Kum, D.S., Shin, B.J., Kim, J.Y., Park, H.D., Choi, M. and Tae, H.S., 2018. In-liquid plasma process for size-and shape-controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles by controlling gas bubbles in water. Materials, 11(6), p.891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11060891
[6] Abou El-Nour, K.M., Eftaiha, A.A., Al-Warthan, A. and Ammar, R.A., 2010. Synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles. Arabian journal of chemistry, 3(3), pp.135-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.04.008
[7] Beyene, H.D., Werkneh, A.A., Bezabh, H.K. and Ambaye, T.G., 2017. Synthesis paradigm and applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), a review. Sustainable materials and technologies, 13, pp.18-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2017.08.001
[8] Verma, P. and Maheshwari, S.K., 2019. Applications of Silver nanoparticles in diverse sectors. International Journal of Nano Dimension, 10(1), pp.18-36.
[9] Tarannum, N. and Gautam, Y.K., 2019. Facile green synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles: a state-of-the-art review. RSC advances, 9(60), pp.34926-34948. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA04164H
[10] Mariotti, D., Patel, J., Švrček, V. and Maguire, P., 2012. Plasma–liquid interactions at atmospheric pressure for nanomaterials synthesis and surface engineering. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 9(11‐12), pp.1074-1085. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201200007
[11] Patel, J., Němcová, L., Maguire, P., Graham, W.G. and Mariotti, D., 2013. Synthesis of surfactant-free electrostatically stabilized gold nanoparticles by plasma-induced liquid chemistry. Nanotechnology, 24(24), p.245604. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/24/245604
[12] Huang, T. and Xu, X.H.N., 2010. Synthesis and characterization of tunable rainbow colored colloidal silver nanoparticles using single-nanoparticle plasmonic microscopy and spectroscopy. Journal of materials chemistry, 20(44), pp.9867-9876. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01990a
[13] Mock, J.J., Barbic, M., Smith, D.R., Schultz, D.A. and Schultz, S., 2002. Shape effects in plasmon resonance of individual colloidal silver nanoparticles. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 116(15), pp.6755-6759. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1462610
[14] Sharma, J., Chaki, N.K., Mahima, S., Gonnade, R.G., Mulla, I.S. and Vijayamohanan, K., 2004. Tuning the aspect ratio of silver nanostructures: the effect of solvent mole fraction and 4-aminothiophenol concentration. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 14(6), pp.970-975. https://doi.org/10.1039/b312766b
[15] Sun, Y., Gates, B., Mayers, B. and Xia, Y., 2002. Crystalline silver nanowires by soft solution processing. Nano letters, 2(2), pp.165-168. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl010093y
[16] Caswell, K.K., Bender, C.M. and Murphy, C.J., 2003. Seedless, surfactantless wet chemical synthesis of silver nanowires. Nano Letters, 3(5), pp.667-669. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0341178
[17] Sun, Y., Yin, Y., Mayers, B.T., Herricks, T. and Xia, Y., 2002. Uniform silver nanowires synthesis by reducing AgNO3 with ethylene glycol in the presence of seeds and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone). Chemistry of Materials, 14(11), pp.4736-4745. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm020587b
[18] Yang, Y., Hu, Y., Xiong, X. and Qin, Y., 2013. Impact of microwave power on the preparation of silver nanowires via a microwave-assisted method. RSC advances, 3(22), pp.8431-8436. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra00117b
[19] Zhang, W.C., Wu, X.L., Chen, H.T., Gao, Y.J., Zhu, J., Huang, G.S. and Chu, P.K., 2008. Self-organized formation of silver nanowires, nanocubes and bipyramids via a solvothermal method. Acta Materialia, 56(11), pp.2508-2513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2008.01.043
[20] Zhang, M. and Wang, Z., 2013. Nanostructured silver nanowires-graphene hybrids for enhanced electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. Applied Physics Letters, 102(21), p.213104. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4807921
[21] Huang, X.Z., Zhong, X.X., Lu, Y., Li, Y.S., Rider, A.E., Furman, S.A. and Ostrikov, K., 2013. Plasmonic Ag nanoparticles via environment-benign atmospheric microplasma electrochemistry. Nanotechnology, 24(9), p.095604. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/9/095604
[22] Shi, Q., Vitchuli, N., Nowak, J., Caldwell, J.M., Breidt, F., Bourham, M., Zhang, X. and McCord, M., 2011. Durable antibacterial Ag/polyacrylonitrile (Ag/PAN) hybrid nanofibers prepared by atmospheric plasma treatment and electrospinning. European polymer journal, 47(7), pp.1402-1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.04.002
[23] Meiss, S.A., Rohnke, M., Kienle, L., Zein El Abedin, S., Endres, F. and Janek, J., 2007. Employing plasmas as gaseous electrodes at the free surface of ionic liquids: deposition of nanocrystalline silver particles. ChemPhysChem, 8(1), pp.50-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200600582
[24] Yu-Tao, Z., Ying, G. and Teng-Cai, M., 2011. Plasma catalytic synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Chinese Physics Letters, 28(10), p.105201. https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/28/10/105201
[25] Chen, Q., Li, J. and Li, Y., 2015. A review of plasma–liquid interactions for nanomaterial synthesis. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 48(42), p.424005-424030. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/42/424005
[26] Zou, J.J., Zhang, Y.P. and Liu, C.J., 2006. Reduction of supported noble-metal ions using glow discharge plasma. Langmuir, 22(26), pp.11388-11394. https://doi.org/10.1021/la061795b
[27] Sato, S., Mori, K., Ariyada, O., Atsushi, H. and Yonezawa, T., 2011. Synthesis of nanoparticles of silver and platinum by microwave-induced plasma in liquid. Surface and Coatings Technology, 206(5), pp.955-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.03.110
[28] Richmonds, C. and Sankaran, R.M., 2008. Plasma-liquid electrochemistry: Rapid synthesis of colloidal metal nanoparticles by microplasma reduction of aqueous cations. Applied Physics Letters, 93(13), p.131501. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2988283
[29] Chiang, W.H., Richmonds, C. and Sankaran, R.M., 2010. Continuous-flow, atmospheric-pressure microplasmas: a versatile source for metal nanoparticle synthesis in the gas or liquid phase. Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 19(3), p.034011. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/19/3/034011
[30] Chang, F.C., Richmonds, C. and Sankaran, R.M., 2010. Microplasma-assisted growth of colloidal Ag nanoparticles for point-of-use surface-enhanced Raman scattering applications. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 28(4), pp.L5-L8. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.3428708
[31] Lee, S.W., Liang, D., Gao, X.P. and Sankaran, R.M., 2011. Direct writing of metal nanoparticles by localized plasma electrochemical reduction of metal cations in polymer films. Advanced Functional Materials, 21(11), pp.2155-2161. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201100093
[32] von Brisinski, N.S., Höfft, O. and Endres, F., 2014. Plasma electrochemistry in ionic liquids: From silver to silicon nanoparticles. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 192, pp.59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2013.09.017
[33] Wang, R., Zuo, S., Zhu, W., Wu, S., Nian, W., Zhang, J. and Fang, J., 2014. Microplasma‐A ssisted Growth of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 11(1), pp.44-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201300038
[34] Gutierrez, M. and Henglein, A., 1993. Formation of colloidal silver by” push-pull” reduction of silver (1+). The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 97(44), pp.11368-11370. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100146a003
[35] Salkar, R.A., Jeevanandam, P., Aruna, S.T., Koltypin, Y. and Gedanken, A., 1999. The sonochemical preparation of amorphous silver nanoparticles. Journal of materials chemistry, 9(6), pp.1333-1335. https://doi.org/10.1039/a900568d
[36] Edelstein, A.S. and Cammaratra, R.C. eds., 1998. Nanomaterials: synthesis, properties and applications. CRC press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482268591
[37] Saito, N., Hieda, J. and Takai, O., 2009. Synthesis process of gold nanoparticles in solution plasma. Thin Solid Films, 518(3), pp.912-917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.156
[38] Kapoor, S., Lawless, D., Kennepohl, P., Meisel, D. and Serpone, N., 1994. Reduction and aggregation of silver ions in aqueous gelatin solutions. Langmuir, 10(9), pp.3018-3022. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00021a026
[39] Chen, Q., Kaneko, T. and Hatakeyama, R., 2012. Reductants in gold nanoparticle synthesis using gas–liquid interfacial discharge plasmas. Applied Physics Express, 5(8), p.086201. https://doi.org/10.1143/APEX.5.086201
[40] Henglein, A., 1998. Colloidal silver nanoparticles: photochemical preparation and interaction with O2, CCl4, and some metal ions. Chemistry of Materials, 10(1), pp.444-450. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm970613j
[41] Henglein, A. and Giersig, M., 1999. Formation of colloidal silver nanoparticles: capping action of citrate. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 103(44), pp.9533-9539. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9925334
[42] Pillai, Z.S. and Kamat, P.V., 2004. What factors control the size and shape of silver nanoparticles in the citrate ion reduction method?. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108(3), pp.945-951. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp037018r
[43] Henglein, A., 1979. Reactions of organic free radicals at colloidal silver in aqueous solution. Electron pool effect and water decomposition. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 83(17), pp.2209-2216. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100480a006
[44] Tochikubo, F., Shirai, N. and Uchida, S., 2013. Plasma-induced liquid phase reaction in atmospheric pressure glow discharge electrolysis. In 21st International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry (ISPC 21), Cairns Convention Centre, Queensland, Australia Aug. 4-9, 2013.
[45] Shirai, N., Shimokawa, Y., Aoki, T., Uchida, S. and Tochikubo, F., 2013, September. Plasma electrolysis using atmospheric dc glow discharge in contact with liquid for synthesis of metal nano-particles. In APS Annual Gaseous Electronics Meeting Abstracts (pp. FT3-006).
[46] Barker, N.T. and Green, J.H., 1964. Iodine as a Scavenger for Hydrogen Atoms in Irradiated Ethanol. Nature, 204(4961), pp.872-873. https://doi.org/10.1038/204872a0
[47] Jortner, J., Raz, B. and Stein, G., 1960. The far u.-v. absorption spectrum of the iodide ion in aqueous solution. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 56, pp.1273-1275. https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9605601273
[48] Awtrey, A.D. and Connick, R.E., 1951. The absorption spectra of I2, I3-, I-, IO3-, S4O6= and S2O3=. Heat of the reaction I3-= I2+ I. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 73(4), pp.1842-1843. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01148a504
[49] Backer, H. and Hollowell, J., 2000. Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(8), pp.679-684. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108679
[50] Lengyel, I., Epstein, I.R. and Kustin, K., 1993. Kinetics of iodine hydrolysis. Inorganic Chemistry, 32(25), pp.5880-5882. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00077a036
[51] Hu, C., Peng, T., Hu, X., Nie, Y., Zhou, X., Qu, J. and He, H., 2010. Plasmon-induced photodegradation of toxic pollutants with Ag− AgI/Al2O3 under visible-light irradiation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(2), pp.857-862. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja907792d
[52] Zeng, C., Tian, B. and Zhang, J., 2013. Silver halide/silver iodide@ silver composite with excellent visible light photocatalytic activity for methyl orange degradation. Journal of colloid and interface science, 405, pp.17-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.009
[53] Hirsch, H., 1975. Formation of metastable high temperature cubic silver iodide by precipitation. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01419259
[54] Patil, K.C., Rao, C.N.R., Lacksonen, J.W. and Dryden, C.E., 1967. The silver nitrate-iodine reaction: Iodine nitrate as the reaction intermediate. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 29(2), pp.407-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(67)80044-7
[55] Bogdanchikova, N., Meunier, F.C., Avalos-Borja, M., Breen, J.P. and Pestryakov, A., 2002. On the nature of the silver phases of Ag/Al2O3 catalysts for reactions involving nitric oxide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 36(4), pp.287-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(01)00286-7
[56] Wang, Z.M., Yamaguchi, M., Goto, I. and Kumagai, M., 2000. Characterization of Ag/Al 2 O 3 de-NO x catalysts by probing surface acidity and basicity of the supporting substrate. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2(13), pp.3007-3015. https://doi.org/10.1039/b000226g
[57] Micic, O.I., Meglic, M., Lawless, D., Sharma, D.K. and Serpone, N., 1990. Semiconductor photophysics. 5. Charge carrier trapping in ultrasmall silver iodide particles and kinetics of formation of silver atom clusters. Langmuir, 6(2), pp.487-492. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00092a032
[58] Gnanavel, M. and Sunandana, C.S., 2008, December. Optical absorption and Photoluminescence in ultra thin silver and silver iodide films. In 2008 IEEE PhotonicsGlobal@ Singapore (pp. 1-4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPGC.2008.4781352
[59] Šileikaitė, A., Puišo, J., Prosyčevas, I. and Tamulevičius, S., 2009. Investigation of silver nanoparticles formation kinetics during reduction of silver nitrate with sodium citrate. Materials Science (Medžiagotyra), 15(1), pp.21-27.
[60] Henglein, A., 1989. Small-particle research: physicochemical properties of extremely small colloidal metal and semiconductor particles. Chemical reviews, 89(8), pp.1861-1873. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00098a010
[61] Khan, M.A.M., Kumar, S., Ahamed, M., Alrokayan, S.A. and AlSalhi, M.S., 2011. Structural and thermal studies of silver nanoparticles and electrical transport study of their thin films. Nanoscale research letters, 6(1), pp.1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-434
[62] Lu, G., 2007. Engineering nanoparticles and nanoparticle-carbon nanotube hybrid structures for miniaturized gas sensors. The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
