Ionic Liquids as Green Bio-Lubricant Additives

$28.50

Ionic Liquids as Green Bio-Lubricant Additives

Puneet Verma, Gaurav Dwivedi, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Anuj Kumar, Arun Kumar Behura

The continuous use of mineral reserves and the extensive concern towards the environment makes it necessary to look for suitable alternatives for petroleum-based lubricants. Growing attention towards a clean environment has led to the introduction of strict emission guidelines for diesel engine vehicles by the government resulting in the use of fuels having minimal sulfur content. This has caused in inferior lubricity characteristics of the fuel. To overcome this problem, interest has shifted towards the development of next generation bio-based lubricants, which can be used as a replacement to lubricants currently used. In an engine, straight vegetable oils (SVOs) offer a good alternative source of lubricants but their stability characteristics (oxidation and thermal storage) and low-temperature performance are not good. Use of polymers is suggested to improve the properties of vegetable oils. In addition to it, the use of biodiesel and longer chain alcohols like n-pentanols and 1-octanol have shown promising results to be a potential alternative to diesel fuel with suitable overall fuel properties.

Keywords
Lubricants, Vegetable Oils, Pentanol, Octanol, Lubricity, Biolubricants

Published online 8/20/2019, 25 pages

Citation: Puneet Verma, Gaurav Dwivedi, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Anuj Kumar, Arun Kumar Behura, Ionic Liquids as Green Bio-Lubricant Additives, Materials Research Foundations, Vol. 54, pp 224-248, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900314-10

Part of the book on Industrial Applications of Green Solvents

References
[1] G. Dwivedi, M.P. Sharma, Potential and limitation of straight vegetable oils as engine fuel an Indian perspective. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 33 (2014) 316-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.004
[2] G. Dwivedi, S. Pillai, A.K. Shukla, Study of performance and emissions of engines fueled by biofuels and its blends, Methanol and the Alternate Fuel Economy, (2019) 77-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3287-6_5
[3] P. Berman, S. Nizri, Z. Wiesman, Castor oil biodiesel and its blends as alternative fuel, Biomass and Bioenergy, 35 (2011) 2861-2866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.03.024
[4] P. Verma, M.P. Sharma, G. Dwivedi, Evaluation and enhancement of cold flow properties of palm oil and its biodiesel, Energy Reports 2 (2016) 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2015.12.001
[5] P. Verma, M.P. Sharma, G. Dwivedi, Impact of alcohol on biodiesel production and properties, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 56 (2016) 319-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.048
[6] R.V. Sharma, A.K. Dalai, Synthesis of bio-lubricant from epoxy canola oil using sulfated Ti SBA-15 catalyst, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 142-143 (2013) 604-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.06.001
[7] P. Verma, M.P. Sharma, G. Dwivedi, Operational and environmental impact of biodiesel on engine performance: A review of literature, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 5(4) (2015) 961-970.
[8] R. M. Mortier, M.F. Fox, S.T. Orszulik, Chemistry and technology of lubricants, 3rd ed., Springer, Singapore, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8662-5
[9] G. Dwivedi, M.P. Sharma, Prospects of biodiesel from Pongamia in India, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 32 (2014) 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.009
[10] A.K. Bhatnagar, S. Kaul, V.K. Chhibber, A.K. Gupta, HFRR studies on methyl esters of nonedible vegetable oils, Energ. Fuel. 20 (2006) 1341-1344. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0503818
[11] F. Anwar, U. Rashid, M. Ashraf, M. Nadeem, Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed oil for biodiesel production, Appl. Energ. 87 (2010) 779–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.020
[12] D.A. Constantine, Y. Wang, E.J. Terrell, Effect of reciprocation frequency on friction and wear of vibrating contacts lubricated with soybean-based B100 biodiesel, Tribol. Lett. 50 (2013) 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0119-9
[13] M.A. Fazal, A.S.M.A. Haseeb, H.H. Masjuki, A critical review on the tribological compatibility of automotive materials in palm biodiesel, Energ. Convers. Manag. 79 (2014) 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.002
[14] E. Kleinaite, V. Jaska, B. Tvaska, I. Matijosyte, A cleaner approach for biolubricant production using biodiesel as a starting material, Journal of Cleaner Production 75 (2014) 40-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.077
[15] J. Salimon, N. Salih, E. Yousi, Biolubricants: raw materials, chemical modifications and environmental benefits. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 112 (2010) 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200900205
[16] H.M. Mobarak, E.N. Mohamad, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, K.A.H. Al Mahmud, M. Habibullah, A.M. Ashraful, The prospects of biolubricants as alternatives in automotive applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 33 (2014) 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.062
[17] K.A.H. Al Mahmud, M.A. Kalam, H.H. Masjuki, M.F.B. Abdollah, Tribological study of a tetrahedral diamond-like carbon coating under vegetable oil–based lubricated condition, Tribol. Trans. 58 (2015) 907–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2015.1025933
[18] S. Rani, M.L. Joy, K.P. Nair, Evaluation of physiochemical and tribological properties of rice bran oil – biodegradable and potential base stoke for industrial lubricants, Ind. Crop. Prod. 65 (2015) 328–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.020
[19] H.M. Mobarak, H.H. Masjuki, E.N. Mohamad, M.A. Kalam, H.K. Rashedul, M.M. Rashed, M. Habibullah, Tribological properties of amorphous hydrogenated (a-C:H) and hydrogen-free tetrahedral (ta-C) diamond-like carbon coatings under jatropha biodegradable lubricating oil at different temperatures, Appl. Surf. Sci. 317 (2014) 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.168
[20] H.C. Ong, A.S. Silitonga, H.H. Masjuki, T.M.I. Mahlia, W.T. Chong, M.H. Boosroh, Production and comparative fuel properties of biodiesel from non-edible oils: jatrophacurcas, sterculiafoetidaand ceibapentandra, Energ. Convers. Manag. 73 (2013) 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.04.011
[21] K. Mitchell, The lubricity of winter diesel fuels, SAE Technical Paper 952370, (1995). https://doi.org/10.4271/952370
[22] K. Mitchell, Continued evaluation of diesel fuel lubricity by pump rig tests, SAE Technical Paper, 981363 (1998). https://doi.org/10.4271/981363
[23] K. Mitchell, The lubricity of winter diesel fuels part 3: Further pump rig tests, SAE Technical Paper 961944, (1996). https://doi.org/10.4271/961944
[24] K. Meyer, T.C. Livingston, Diesel fuel lubricity requirements for light-duty fuel injection equipment, California Air Resources Board Fuels Workshop, Sacramento, CA, USA, 2003, http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/gasoline/meeting/2003/022003bosch.pdf.
[25] E. Mozdzen, S.Wall, W. Byfleet, The no-harm performance of lubricity additives for low sulphur diesel fuels, SAE Technical Paper 982571, (1998). https://doi.org/10.4271/982571
[26] B. Terry, Impact of biodiesel on fuel system component durability, Coordinating research council, Inc., Atlanta, GA, Project No. AVFL-2a, (2005) http://www.crcao.com/reports/recentstudies2005/AVFL-2a%20Final%20Report.pdf.
[27] Y. Xu, Q. Wang, X. Hu, C. Li, X. Zhu, Characterization of the lubricity of bio-oil/diesel fuel blends by high-frequency reciprocating test rig, Energy 35(2010) 283–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.09.020
[28] Information on http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6078.htm.
[29] Information on http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6079.htm
[30] Information on ftp://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S11/is.1448.2.2007.pdf.
[31] Information on http://rscbio.com/documents/data_sheets/EPA-Environmentally- Acceptable- Lubricants. pdf.
[32] J.E. Martín-Alfonso, C. Valencia, Tribological, rheological, and microstructural characterization of oleogels based on EVA copolymer and vegetable oils for lubricant applications, Tribol. Int. 90 (2015) 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.05.004
[33] A. Aravind, M.L. Joy, K.P. Nair, Lubricant properties of biodegradable rubber tree seed (HeveabrasiliensisMuell. Arg) oil, Ind. Crop. Prod. 74 (2015) 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.014
[34] L.A. Quinchia, M.A. Delgado, T. Reddyhoff, C. Gallegos, H.A. Spikes, Tribological studies of potential vegetable oil-based lubricants containing environmentally friendly viscosity modifiers, Tribology Int. 69 (2014) 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.08.016
[35] S. Topaiboul, N. Chollacoop, Biodiesel as a lubricity additive for ultra-low sulfur diesel, J. Sci. Technol. 32:2 (2010) 153-156.
[36] M.W. Sulek, A. Kulczycki, A. Malysa, Assessment of lubricity of compositions of fuel oil with biocomponents derived from rape-seed, Wear 268 (2010) 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.07.004
[37] K.S. Wain, J.M. Perez, E. Chapman, A.L. Boehman, Alternative, and low sulfur fuel options: boundary lubrication performance and potential problems, Tribol. Inter. 38 (2005) 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2004.08.014
[38] M. Munoz, F. Moreno, C. Monne, J. Morea, J. Terradillos, Biodiesel improves lubricity of new low sulphur diesel fuels, Renew. Energ. 36 (2011) 2918-2924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.04.007
[39] P.A.Z. Suarez., B.R. Moser, B.K. Sharma, S.Z. Erhan, Comparing the lubricity of biofuels obtained from pyrolysis and alcoholysis of soybean oil and their blends with petroleum diesel, Fuel 88 (2009) 1143-1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.11.017
[40] D.P. Geller, J.W. Goodrum, Effects of specific fatty acid methyl esters on diesel fuel lubricity, Fuel 83 (2004) 2351-2356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.004
[41] J.W. Goodrum, D.P. Geller, Influence of fatty acid methyl esters from hydroxylated vegetable oils on diesel fuel lubricity, Bioresource Technology 96(2005) 851-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.07.006
[42] U. Rashid, F. Anwar, B.R. Moser, G. Knothe, Moringaoleifera oil: A possible source of biodiesel, Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 8175–8179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.066
[43] M. Tomic, L. Savin, R. Micic, M. Simikic, T. Furman, Possibility of using biodiesel from sunflower oil as an additive for the improvement of lubrication properties of low-sulfur diesel fuel, Energy 65 (2014) 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.033
[44] J. Hu, Z. Du, C. Li, E. Min, Study on the lubrication properties of biodiesel as fuel lubricity enhancers, Fuel 84 (2005) 1601-1606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.02.009
[45] L. Prasad, L.M. Das, S.N. Naik, Effect of castor oil, methyl and ethyl esters as lubricity enhancer for low lubricity diesel fuel (LLDF), Energy Fuel. 26 (2012) 5307−5315. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef300845v
[46] K. Wadumesthrige, M. Ara, S.O. Salley, Ng K.Y. Simon, Investigation of lubricity characteristics of biodiesel in petroleum and synthetic fuel, Energy Fuel. 23 (2009) 2229–2234. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800887y
[47] M. Lapuerta., R. Garcıa-Contreras, J.R. Agudelo, Lubricity of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel fuel blends, Energy Fuel. 24 (2010) 1374–1379. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef901082k
[48] E. Torres-Jimenez, M. Svoljsak-Jerman, A. Gregorc, I. Lisec, M.P. Dorado, B. Kegl, Physical and chemical properties of ethanol-biodiesel blends for diesel engines, Energy Fuel. 24 (2010) 2002–2009. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef901158a
[49] J.M. Hughes, G.W. Mushrush, D.R. Hardy, Lubricity-enhancing properties of soy oil when used as a blending stock for middle distillate fuels, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 1386-1388. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010624t
[50] R.V. Sharma, A.K. Somidi, A.K. Dalai, Preparation and properties evaluation of bio-lubricants derived from canola oil and canola biodiesel, J. Agric. Food Chem. 63 (2015) 3235−3242. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf505825k
[51] G. Anastopoulos, E. Lois, A. Serdari, F. Zanikos, S. Stournas, S. Kalligeros, Lubrication properties of low-Sulfur diesel fuels in the presence of specific types of fatty acid derivatives, Energy Fuel. 15 (2001) 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef990232n
[52] S. Kalligeros, N. Liapis, G. Anastopoulos, E. Lois, S. Stournas, F. Zannikos, D. Karonis, Evaluation of biodiesel lubricity in Greek automotive diesel, Joint Meeting of the Greek and Italian Sections of The Combustion Institute (2004).
[53] A.A. Refaat, Correlation between the chemical structure of biodiesel and its physical properties, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 6 no. 4 (2009) 677-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326109
[54] B.R. Kumar, S. Saravanan, Effects of iso-butanol/diesel and n-pentanol/diesel blends on performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine under premixed LTC (low-temperature combustion) mode, Fuel 170 (2016) 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.12.029
[55] J. Campos-Fernandez, J.M. Arnal, J. Gomez, N. Lacalle, M.P. Dorado, Performance tests of a diesel engine fueled with pentanol/diesel fuel blends, Fuel, 107 (2013) 866–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.066
[56] L. Li, W. Jianxin, W. Zhi, X. Jianhua, Combustion, and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/pentanol fuel blends, Fuel, 156 (2015) 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.04.048
[57] M. Lapuerta, R. Garcıa-Contreras, J. Campos-Fernandez, M. Dorado, Stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold-flow properties of alcohol-diesel blends. Energy Fuel. 24 (2010) 4497–4502. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100498u
[58] R.N. Mehta, M. Chakraborty, P. Mahanta, P.A. Parikh, Evaluation of fuel properties of butanol-biodiesel-diesel blends and their impact on engine performance and emissions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49 (2010) 7660–7665. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie1006257
[59] L. Siwale, L. Kristóf, T. Adam, A. Bereczky, A. Penninger, M. Mbarawa, K. Andrei, Performance characteristics of n-butanol-diesel fuel blend fired in a turbo-charged compression ignition engine, J. Power Energ. Eng. 1 (2013) 77-83. https://doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2013.15013
[60] Information on http://www.methanol.org/energy/resources/alternative-fuel/alt-fuel-properties.aspx.
[61] Information on http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1031.
[62] Information onhttp://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1-butanol.
[63] Information on http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6276.
[64] Z. Zhang, R. Balasubramanian, Investigation of particulate emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with higher alcohols/biodiesel blends, Appl. Energ. 163 (2016) 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.173
[65] M.K. Akhtar, H. Dandapani, K. Thiel, P.R. Jones, Microbial production of 1-octanol: a naturally excreted biofuel with diesel-like properties, Metabolic Engineering Communications 2 (2015) 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meteno.2014.11.001
[66] T. Issariyakul, A.K. Dalai, Biodiesel from vegetable oils, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev. 31 (2014) 446–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.001
[67] A.K. Dalai, M.G. Kulkarni, L.C. Meher, Biodiesel productions from vegetable oils using heterogeneous catalysts and their applications as lubricity additives, In EIC Climate Change Technology, IEEE (2006), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/EICCCC.2006.277228
[68] G. Knothe, K.R. Steidley, Lubricity of components of biodiesel, and petrodiesel, the origin of biodiesel lubricity, Energy Fuel. 19 (2005) 1192-1200. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef049684c
[69] K.G. Georgogianni, M.G. Kontominas, E. Tegou, D. Avlonitis, V. Gergis, Biodiesel production: reaction and process parameters of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of waste frying oils, Energy Fuel. 21 (2007) 3023-3027. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef070102b
[70] D.C. Drown, K. Harper, E. Frame, Screening vegetable oil alcohol esters as fuel lubricity enhancers, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 78 (2001) 579–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-001-0307-y
[71] B.R. Mozer, S.Z. Erhan, Branched-chain derivatives of alkyl oleates: tribological, rheological, oxidation and low-temperature properties, Fuel, 87 (2008) 2253–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.01.005
[72] Z. Hu, Y. Zhou, J. Deng, Z. Wu, L. Li, Compatibility of biodiesels and their blends with typical rubbers and copperish metals, SAE technical paper, 2010-01-0476 (2010). https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0476
[73] J. Hu, Z. Du, C. Li, E. Min, Study on the lubrication properties of biodiesel as fuel lubricity enhancers, Fuel, 84 (2005) 2351–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.02.009
[74] G.W. Mushrush, J.M. Hughes, H.D. Willauer, Blends of soybean biodiesel with petroleum diesel: advantages, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 (2013) 1764−1768. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302865x