A Review on Tribological Performance of Polymeric Composites Based on Natural Fibres
Umar Nirmal, Alvin Devadas, M.M.H. Megat Ahmad, M.Y. Yuhazri
The need for stronger, more lightweight materials have led the way for the development of synthetic fibre reinforced polymer composites. Composites have unique properties which can only be obtained by the combination of specific fibres and matrix materials. Today these composites are used in many areas such as in the automotive and construction industries which require materials with good mechanical and tribological properties. However, shortcomings in the usage of these fibres, primarily environmental concerns, have motivated researchers to explore the possibility of using natural fibres as an alternative. The current work attempts to provide a review of recent works (year 2007 to 2017) done on tribological performance of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites. Topics related to natural fibre, polymer, composites, and tribology will be discussed, along with critical findings from these published works.
Keywords
Natural Fibres, Polymer, Composite, Tribology, Wear
Published online 10/1/2018, 41 pages
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291876-10
Part of the book on Thermoset Composites
References
[1] H. Pihtili, An experimental investigation of wear of glass fibre-epoxy resin and glass fibre-polyester resin composite materials, European Polymer Journal. 45 (2009) 149–154.
[2] A. Shalwan, B.F. Yousif, In State of Art: Mechanical and tribological behaviour of polymeric composites based on natural fibres, Materials & Design. 48 (2013) 14–24. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.014.
[3] N.S.M. El-Tayeb, B.F. Yousif, Evaluation of glass fiber reinforced polyester composite for multi-pass abrasive wear applications, Wear. 262 (2007) 1140–1151. https://doi.org/HTTPS://DOI.ORG/ 10.1016/j.wear.2006.11.015.
[4] U. Nirmal, K.O. Low, J. Hashim, On the effect of abrasiveness to process equipment using betelnut and glass fibres reinforced polyester composites, Wear. 290–291 (2012) 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2012.05.022.
[5] F.P. La Mantia, M. Morreale, Green Composites: A Breif Review, Composites Part A. 42 (2011) 579–588.
[6] U.N.R. Council, Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., USA. 2009, (n.d.).
[7] L. Dongdong, L. Bin, B. Chenguang, M. Minghui, X. Yan, Y. Chunyan, Marine oil spill risk mapping for accidental pollution and its application in a coastal city, Marine Pollution Bulletin. 96 (2015) 220–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.023.
[8] A.P.D.E. Souza, M. Gaspar, E. Alves, D.A. Silva, E.C. Ulian, A.J. Waclawovsky, M. Yutaka, N. Jr, R. Vicentini, D.O.S. Santos, M.M. Teixeira, G.M. Souza, M.S. Buckeridge, Elevated CO2 increases photosynthesis , biomass and productivity , and modifies gene expression in sugarcane, Plant, Cell and Environment. (2008) 1116–1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01822.x.
[9] J.R. Dufl, Y. Deng, K. Van Acker, W. Dewulf, Do fiber-reinforced polymer composites provide environmentally benign alternatives ? A life-cycle-assessment-based study, MRS Bulletin. 37 (2012) 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2012.33.
[10] OPEC. World Oil Outlook; 2013, n.d.
[11] D. Toke, The EU Renewables Directive-What is the fuss about trading?, Energy Policy. 36 (2008) 3001–3008.
[12] O. Faruk, A.K. Bledzki, H. Fink, M. Sain, Progress in Polymer Science Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers : 2000 – 2010, Progress in Polymer Science. 37 (2012) 1552–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003.
[13] H.P.S.A. Khalil, H. Ismail, H.D. Rozman, M.N. Ahmad, The effect of acetylation on interfacial shear strength between plant ® bres and various matrices, 37 (2001) 1037–1045.
[14] R. Mahjoub, J.M. Yatim, A.R. Mohd Sam, S.H. Hashemi, Tensile properties of kenaf fiber due to various conditions of chemical fiber surface modifications, Construction and Building Materials. 55 (2014) 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.036.
[15] D.N. saheb, J.P. Jog, Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review, Advances in Polymer Technology. 18 (1999) 351–363.
[16] B.F. Yousif. N.S.M. El-Tayeb, High-stress three body abrasive wear of treated and untreated oil palm fibre-reinforced polyester composite, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J:J. Eng. Tribol. 222 (5) 637-646, (2008), (n.d.).
[17] O. Faruk, A.K. Bledzki, H. Fink, M. Sain, Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers : 2000 – 2010, Progress in Polymer Science. 37 (2012) 1552–1596.
[18] W.M.Z.W.Y. G. Raju, C. T. Ratnam, N.A. Ibrahim, M.Z.A. Rahman, Enhancement of PVC/ENR blend properties by poly(methyl acrylate) grafted oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 110 (2008) 368-375, (n.d.).
[19] S. V Joshi, L.T. Drzal, A.K. Mohanty, S. Arora, Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites?, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 35 (2004) 371–376.
[20] M. Baiardo, E. Zini, M. Scandola, Flax fibre – polyester composites, 35 (2004) 703–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.02.004.
[21] A. Gassan, J; Bledzki, The influence of fiber-surface treatment on the mechanical properties of jute-polypropylene composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 28 (1997) 1001–1005.
[22] A. Singh, W. Hall, J. Summerscales, Failure strain as the key design criterion for fracture of natural fibre composites, Composites Science and Technology. 70 (2010) 995–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.02.018.
[23] J.F. Shackelford, Introduction to material science for engineering, (2000).
[24] W. Bolton, Engineering Materials Technology, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1993.
[25] H. Unal, U. Sen, A. Mimaroglu, Dry sliding wear characteristics of some industrial polymers against steel counterface, 37 (2004) 727–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2004.03.002.
[26] H. Unal, A. Mimaroglu, T. Arda, Friction and wear performance of some thermoplastic polymers and polymer composites against unsaturated polyester, 252 (2006) 8139–8146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.10.047.
[27] F.W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd ed., Wiley, 1984.
[28] K.K. Chawla, Composite Materials: Science and Engineering, 3rd ed., Springer Science and Business Media, 2012.
[29] D. Gay, Composite Materials: Design and Applications, 3rd ed., CRC Press, 2014.
[30] L.H. Van Vlack, Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, 6th ed., Pearson, 1989.
[31] K. 13. Subramaniam, Asaithambi P, Friction and wear of epoxy resin containing graphite. J Reinf Plast Compos 1986; 5:200-8, (n.d.).
[32] K. Friedrich, Z. Lu, A.M. Hager, Recent advances in polymer composites’ tribology, 190 (1995) 139–144.
[33] P. Jost, Tribology : How a word was coined 40 years ago, Tribology and Lubrication Technology. (2006) 24–28.
[34] Y.J. Mergler, R.P. Schaake, V.A.J. Huis, Material transfer of POM in sliding contact, Wear. 256 (2004) 294–301. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0043-1648(03)00410-1.
[35] J. Bijwe, J. Indumathi, A.K. Ghosh, On the abrasive wear behaviour of fabric-reinforced polyetherimide composites, Wear. 253 (2002) 768–777. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0043-1648(02)00169-2.
[36] J. Bijwe, J. Indumathi, J. John Rajesh, M. Fahim, Friction and wear behavior of polyetherimide composites in various wear modes, Wear. 249 (2001) 715–726. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0043-1648(01)00696-2.
[37] A.P. Harsha, U.S. Tewari, Tribo performance of polyaryletherketone composites, Polymer Testing. 21 (2002) 697–709. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0142-9418(01)00145-3.
[38] J.J. Rajesh, J. Bijwe, U.S. Tewari, Abrasive wear performance of various polyamides, Wear. 252 (2002) 769–776. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0043-1648(02)00039-x.
[39] U. Nirmal, J. Hashim, S.T.W. Lau, Testing methods in tribology of polymeric composites, International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME). 6 (2011) 367–373.
[40] B.F. Yousif, Design of newly fabricated tribological machine for wear and frictional experiments under dry/wet condition, Materials & Design. 48 (2013) 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.06.046.
[41] S.R. Hummel, B. Partlow, Comparison of threshold galling results from two testing methods, Tribology International. 37 (2004) 291–295. https://doi.org/HTTPS://DOI.ORG/ 10.1016/j.triboint.2003.09.003.
[42] J. Bijwe, R. Rattan, Carbon fabric reinforced polyetherimide composites: Optimization of fabric content for best combination of strength and adhesive wear performance, Wear. 262 (2007) 749–758. https://doi.org/HTTPS://DOI.ORG/ 10.1016/j.wear.2006.08.011.
[43] C.W. Chin, B.F. Yousif, Adhesive and frictional behaviour of polymeric composites based on kenaf fibre, in: ICAT 274, 2nd International Conference on Advanced Tribology, 3-5 December 2008, Singapore, n.d.: pp. 1–3.
[44] R. Blickensderfer, G. Laird III, A pinion–drum abrasive wear test and comparison to other pin tests, J. Test. Eval. 16 (1988) 516–526.
[45] Y.S. Kim, J. Yang, S. Wang, A.K. Banthia, J.E. McGrath, Surface and wear behavior of bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane (bis-Z) polycarbonate/polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer alloys, Polymer. 43 (2002) 7207–7217. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00465-2.
[46] Blickensderfer R; Laird G, A pin-on-drum abrasive wear test and comparison to other pin test, J Test Eval. 16 (1988) 516–526.
[47] H. PihtIlI, N. Tosun, Effect of load and speed on the wear behaviour of woven glass fabrics and aramid fibre-reinforced composites, Wear. 252 (2002) 979–984. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0043-1648(02)00062-5.
[48] R. Reinicke, F. Haupert, K. Friedrich, On the tribological behaviour of selected, injection moulded thermoplastic composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 29 (1998) 763–771. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s1359-835x(98)00052-9.
[49] Y.Z. Wan, Y. Huang, F. He, Q.Y. Li, J.J. Lian, Tribological properties of three-dimensional braided carbon / Kevlar / epoxy hybrid composites under dry and lubricated conditions, 453 (2007) 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.11.090.
[50] B.F. Yousif, U. Nirmal, K.J. Wong, Three-body abrasion on wear and frictional performance of treated betelnut fibre reinforced epoxy (T-BFRE) composite, Materials & Design. 31 (2010) 4514–4521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.04.008.
[51] A.N.J. Stevenson, I.M. Hutchings, Development of the dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion test, Wear. 195 (1996) 232–240. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0043-1648(96)06965-7.
[52] F. Guo, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, K. Wang, W. Jiang, Tribology International Tribological behavior of spun Kevlar fabric composites filled with fluorinated compounds, Tribiology International. 43 (2010) 1466–1471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2010.02.004.
[53] L.K. Ong, Q.K. Kien, W.K. Jye, Effect of Fibre Orientation on the Scratch Characteristics of E-Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composite, Recent Patents on Materials Science. 4 (2011) 56–62.
[54] D.M. Nuruzzaman, M.A. Chowdhury, Friction and Wear of Polymer and Composites, Intech, 2012.
[55] V. Quaglini, P. Dubini, Friction of polymers sliding on smooth surfaces, Advances in Tribology. 2011 (2011).
[56] N.K. Myshkin, M.I. Petrokovets, A. V Kovalev, Tribology of polymers : Adhesion , friction , wear , and mass-transfer, Tribology International. 38 (2005) 910–921.
[57] I. Sevim, Tribology in Engineering, Intech, 2013.
[58] H.P.S.. Abdul Khalil, M. Jawaid, A. Hassan, M.T. Paridah, A. Zaidon, Oil Palm Biomass Fibres and Recent Advancement in Oil Palm Biomass Fibres Based Hybrid Biocomposites, Intech, 2012.
[59] N.S.. El-Tayeb., B.F. Yousif., The Effect of Oil Palm Fibres As Reinforcement On Tribological Performance of Polyester Composite, Surface Review and Letters, Vol. 14, No. 6 (2007) 1095-1102, (n.d.).
[60] B.F. Yousif, U. Nirmal, Wear and frictional performance of polymeric composites aged in various solutions, Wear. 272 (2011) 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2011.07.006.
[61] F. Fazillah, M. Fadzli, B. Abdollah, A. Kalam, M. Hassan, H. Amiruddin, Tribological characteristics comparison for oil palm fi bre / epoxy and kenaf fibre / epoxy composites under dry sliding conditions, Tribology International. 101 (2016) 247–254.
[62] J. Pearsall, Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 10th ed. New York: Oxford University Press: 2002, (n.d.).
[63] I.S. Ishak, M.R., Leman, Z., Sapuan, S.M., Edeerozey, A.M.M. and Othman, Mechanical properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites’, 9th National Symposium on Polymeric Materials (NSPM). (2009), (n.d.).
[64] T. Nishino, K. Hirao, M. Kotera, K. Nakamae, H. Inagaki, Kenaf reinforced biodegradable composite, Composites Science and Technology. 63 (2003) 1281–1286. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0266-3538(03)00099-x.
[65] H.G. Mohanty A.K. Misra M, Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites; an overview. Macromol Mater Eng 2000; 276-277(1): 1-24, (n.d.).
[66] M. Zampaloni, Kenaf natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites : A discussion on manufacturing problems and solutions, 38 (2007) 1569–1580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.01.001.
[67] S. Narish, B.F. Yousif, D. Rilling, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , Part J : Journal of Engineering Tribology Adhesive wear of thermoplastic composite based on kenaf fibres, (2011). https://doi.org/10.1177/2041305X10394053.
[68] B.F. Yousif, Investigations on wear and frictional properties of kenaf fibre polyurethane composites under dry and wet contact conditions Narish Singh * Dirk Rilling, 2 (2011) 375–387.
[69] C.W. Chin, B.F. Yousif, Potential of kenaf fibres as reinforcement for tribological applications, Wear. 267 (2009) 1550–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.06.002.
[70] U. Nirmal, S.T.W. Lau, J. Hashim, A. Devadas, Y. My, Effect of kenaf particulate fillers in polymeric composite for tribological applications, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517514563744.
[71] W.J. Lobovikov M, Shyam P, Piazza M, Ren H, Non Wood Forest Products 18 World Bamboo Resources. A Thematic Study Prepared In the Framework of The Global Forest Resources Assessment. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2007, (n.d.).
[72] H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, I.U.H. Bhat, M. Jawaid, A. Zaidon, D. Hermawan, Y.S. Hadi, Bamboo fibre reinforced biocomposites: A review, Materials & Design. 42 (2012) 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.06.015.
[73] U. Nirmal, J. Hashim, K.O. Low, Adhesive wear and frictional performance of bamboo fibres reinforced epoxy composite, Tribology International. 47 (2012) 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.10.012.
[74] C.R. Soccol, L.P. de S. Vandenberghe, A.B.P. Medeiros, S.G. Karp, M. Buckerridge, L.P. Ramos, A.P. Pitarelo, V.P. da S. Bon, L.M.P. de Moraes, J. de A. Araujo, F.A.G. Torres, Bioethanol from lignocelluloses: Status and perspectives in Brazil, Bioresource Technology. 101 (2010) 4820–4825.
[75] R. Sindhu, E. Gnansounou, P. Binod, A. Pandey, Biodiversity of sugarcane crop residue for value added products-An overview, Renewable Energy. 98 (2016) 203–215.
[76] M. El, A study on the potential of sugarcane fibers / polyester composite for tribological applications, 265 (2008) 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.10.006.
[77] N.S.M El Tayeb, Development and characterisation of low-cost polymeric composite materials, Materials and Design. 30 (2009) 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.06.024.
[78] J.S. Binoj, R.E. Raj, V.S. Sreenivasan, G.R. Thusnavis, Morphological, physical, mechanical, chemical and thermal characterization of sustainable Indian Areca fruit husk fibres (Areca Catechu L.) as potential alternative for hazardous synthetic fibres, Journal of Bionic Engineering. 13 (2016) 156–165.
[79] B.F. Yousif, S.T.W. Lau, S. Mcwilliam, Polyester composite based on betelnut fibre for tribological applications, Tribology International, 43 (2010) 503-511, (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.08.006.
[80] B.F. Yousif, A. Devadas, T.F. Yusaf, Adhesive wear and frictional behaviour of multilayered polyester composite based on betelnut fiber mats under wet contact conditions, 16 (2009) 407–414.
[81] J.M.L. Reis, Sisal fiber polymer mortar composites : Introductory fracture mechanics approach, Construction and Building Materials. 37 (2012) 177–180.
[82] D.O. Santos, R. Passos, D.O. Castro, A.C. Ruvolo-Filho, E. Frollini, Processing and thermal properties of composites based on recycled PET, sisal fibers, and renewable plasticizers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 131 (2014) 98–105.
[83] X. Xin, C.G. Xu, L.F. Qing, Friction properties of sisal fibre reinforced resin brake composites, 262 (2007) 736–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.08.010.
[84] A.K. M, R. Reddy, S. Bharathi, V. Naidu, N.P. Naidu, Friction coefficient, hardness, impact strength and chemical resistance of reinforced sisal-glass fiber epoxy hybrid composites, J Compos Mater 2010; 44 (26):3195-202 (Dec), (n.d.).
[85] N. Chand, U.K. Dwivedi, Sliding wear and friction characteristics of sisal fibre reinforced polyester composites: Effect of silane coupling agent and applied load, Polymer Composites. 29 (2008) 280–284. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.20368.
[86] S. Dixit, G. Dixit, V. Verma, Thermal degradation of polyethylene waste and jute fiber in oxidative environment and recovery of oil containing phytol and free fatty acids, Fuel. 179 (2016) 368–375.
[87] T. Berhanu, P. Kumar, I. Singh, Sliding Wear Properties of Jute Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Composites, Procedia Engineering. 97 (2014) 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.264.
[88] K. Sabeel Ahmed, S.S. Khalid, V. Mallinatha, S.J. Amith Kumar, Dry sliding wear behavior of SiC/Al2O3 filled jute/epoxy composites, Materials & Design. 36 (2012) 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.11.010.
[89] C.P. V.Tserki, P. Matzinos, Effect of compatibilization on the performance of biodegradable composites using cotton fibre waste as filler, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 88 (2003) 1825., (n.d.).
[90] S.A.R. Hashmi, U.K. Dwivedi, N. Chand, Graphite modified cotton fibre reinforced polyester composites under sliding wear conditions, Wear. 262 (2007) 1426–1432. https://doi.org/HTTPS://DOI.ORG/ 10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.014.
[91] H. Zhang, Z. Zhang, F. Guo, K. Wang, W. Jiang, Enhanced wear properties of hybrid PTFE/cotton fabric composites filled with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 116 (2009) 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.03.008.
[92] D. Verma, P. Gope, The Use of Coir/Coconut Fibres as Reinforcements in Composites, in: Biofibre Reinforcements In Composite Materials, Woodhead Publishing Series, 2015: pp. 285–319.
[93] R.A. Ibrahem, Friction and wear behaviour of fibreparticles reinforced polyester composites, International Journal of Advanced Materials Research. 2 (2016) 22–26.
[94] R. Prabhu, A.K. Amin, Dhyanchandra, Development and charaterization of low cost polymer composites from coconut coir, American Journal of Material Science. 5 (2015) 62–68.
[95] K. Bilba, M.-A. Arsene, A. Quensanga, Study of banana and coconut fibres botanical composition, thermal degradation and textural observations, Bioresource Technology. 98 (2007) 58–68.
[96] E.C. Carlos, B. Santiago, V. Analia, G. Piedad, Wear resistance and friction behaviour of thermoset matrix reinforced with musaceae fiber bundles, Tribology International. 87 (2015) 57–64.
[97] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Statistical Yearbook 2006, FAO, 2006.
[98] S. Tamba, I. Cisse, Senegal, R. F., R. Jauberthie, France, Rice husk in lightweight mortars, in: S. Helland, I. Holand, S. Smeplass (Eds.), Second International Symposium on Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete, 2000: pp. 117–124.
[99] P. Mishra, A. Chakraverty, H.D. Banerjee, Studies on physical and thermal properties of rice husk related to its industrial application, Journal of Material Science. 21 (1986) 2129–2132.
[100] T. Kapur, T.C. Kandpal, H.P. Garg, Electricity generation from rice husk in Indian rice mills: Pottential and Financial Viability, Biomass and Bioenergy. 10 (1996) 393–403.
[101] N. Chand, M. Fahim, P. Sharma, M.N. Bapat, Influence of foaming agent on wear and mechanical properties of surface modified rice husk filled polyvinylchloride, Wear. 278–279 (2012) 83–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2012.01.002.
[102] T. Dugarjav, T. Yamaguchi, K. Shibata, K. Hokkirigawa, Friction and wear properties of rice husk ceramics under dry and water lubricated conditions, Tribology Online. 4 (2009) 78–81.
[103] K. Shibata, T. Yamaguchi, K. Hokkirigawa, Tribological behavior of polyamide 66 / rice bran ceramics and polyamide 66 / glass bead composites, Wear. 317 (2014) 1–7.
[104] K.D.H. Nguyen, P.H. Dang, H.X. Nguyen, M.T.T. Nguyen, S. Awale, N.T. Nguyen, Phytochemical and cytotoxic studies on the leaves of calotropis gigantea, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 27 (2017) 2902–2906.
[105] G. Dilli Babu, K. Sivaji Babu, P. Nanda Kishore, Tensile and wear behavior of calotropis gigentea fruit fiber reinforced polyester composites, Procedia Engineering. 97 (2014) 531–535.
[106] B.F. Yousif, N.S.M. El-Tayeb, The Effect of oil palm fibres as reinforcement on tribological performance of polyester composite, Surface Review and Letters. 14 (2007) 1095–1102.
[107] S. Narish, B.F. Yousif, D. Rilling, Adhesive wear of thermoplastic composite based on kenaf fibres, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-Journal of Engineering Tribology. 225 (2011) 101–109.
[108] N.S.M. El-Tayeb, A study on the potential of sugarcane fibers/polyester composite for tribological applications, Wear. 265 (2008) 223–235.
[109] N.S.M. El-Tayeb, Development and characterisation of low-cost polymeric composite materials, Materials & Design. 30 (2009) 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.06.024.
[110] B.F. Yousif, S.T.W. Lau, S. McWilliam, Polyester composite based on betelnut fibre for tribological applications, Tribology International. 43 (2010) 503–511. https://doi.org/HTTPS://DOI.ORG/ 10.1016/j.triboint.2009.08.006.
[111] S.. Narish, B.F.. Yousif, D.. Rilling, Investigations on wear and frictional properties of kenaf fibre polyurethane composites under dry and wet contact conditions, International Journal of Precision Technology. 2 (2011) 375–387.
[112] M. Ashok Kumar, G. Ramachandra Reddy, Y. Siva Bharathi, S. Venkata Naidu, V. Naga Prasad Naidu, Frictional Coefficient, Hardness, Impact Strength, and Chemical Resistance of Reinforced Sisal-Glass Fiber Epoxy Hybrid Composites, Journal of Composite Materials . 44 (2010) 3195–3202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998310371551.
[113] R.B. Yusoff, H. Takagi, A.N. Nakagaito, Tensile and flexural properties of polylactic acid-based hybrid green composites reinforced by kenaf, bamboo and coir fibers, Industrial Crops and Products. 94 (2016) 562–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.017.
[114] H. Fazilat, M. Ghatarband, S. Mazinani, Z.A. Asadi, M.E. Shiri, M.R. Kalaee, Predicting the mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced polymers via artifical neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, Computational Material Science. 58 (2012) 31–37.
[115] R.S. Rana, A. Kumre, S. Rana, R. Purohit, ScienceDirect Characterization of Properties of epoxy sisal / Glass Fiber Reinforced hybrid composite, in: 6th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization (ICMPC 2016), 2017: pp. 5445–5451.
[116] M.R. Sanjay, G.R. Arpitha, B. Yogesha, Study on Mechanical Properties of Natural – Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites: A Review, in: 4th International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterization, 2015: pp. 2959–2967.
